Why did Prohibition Fail Research Paper Example

Why did Prohibition Fail Paper The act of Prohibition was introduced within the American culture during the twentieth century, within the subject of alcoholic abuse and increasing establishments of saloon bars within rural and urban states. The act of Prohibition was introduced due to the strong temperance movements within the rural states present in the nineteenth century; which included Devout Christians and the Anti- Saloon League presenting their ideas and opinions on the effects of alcoholic abuse within the family environment. The members involved within the groups which created the stigma of alcohol, in the act of Prohibition, presented their case on a political view within their local state. The states were persuaded to prohibit the sale of alcohol, which lead into a wide spread National law on the purchase of alcohol. The Prohibition act came into effect on January 16th 1920, as Prohibition became a law under the Volstead act. Prohibition was set to improve the social, health and crime effects of alcohol within the country. The use of patriotic pride was used to decline the alcoholic abuse present within the country; as many German breweries were exporting alcohol which was being purchased by American citizens. The First World War boosted the amount of dries (non-alcohol consumers), due to the un-patriotic movement of drinking German products. The Bolshevism community within the Russian revolution thrived on the use of alcohol, which created lawlessness in society. Russia was one of many countries which introduced Prohibition, known as the Suhoy Zakon, but America wanted to prevent the act of communism within society, which created the final amendment stated. Politicians backed the Prohibition act due to the fears of communism, but with the added bonus of rural votes for the Politicians involved, as this was a strong view present in rural states. Prohibition was present from the 1920s up to the year of 1933, but why did Prohibition fail?. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Prohibition Fail specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Prohibition Fail specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why did Prohibition Fail specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This question is a debatable topic within the subject of American History, as Prohibition did prove successful illustrating a decline of alcoholic drinkers, but in this essay I will discuss the problems which ended the law of Prohibition in the 1930s. Prohibition was seen as a successful law within rural states, but many urban states did not comply with the law; which was seen as a failure as a law should apply to all states or districts of a country. The state of Maryland did not introduce the law of Prohibition, which illustrated the first problem involved in the failure of the noble experiment. The poor presence of public support created a downfall for Prohibition which saw the birth of Prohibition agents, two successful agents Isadore Einstein and his deputy Moe Smith. These agents saw the closure of speakeasies within America, as they ordered drinks in the speakeasies, taking samples to arrest offenders. The agents made 4392 arrests within the illegal bars (speakeasies), but public determination on the consumption and purchase of alcohol saw the rise of illegal imports of alcohol, which proved too wide spread for the control of government agents. Enforcement of the Prohibition law proved impossible to keep under control, as illegal imports of alcohol from Canada-across the widespread border and the purchase of alcohol out of USA waters proved inevitable to prevent. The agents were concentrated within the city environments, to prevent the increasing consumption of alcohol in illegal speakeasies. Each agent was poorly funded in the law of Prohibition, which created the rise of illegal stills and bootleggers. Bootleggers produced moonshine, which consisted of a higher concentration of pure alcohol, which caused the deaths of many purchasers of the alcohol. The moonshine contained a high concentration of alcohol, due to the un-professional production of alcohol within stills. Bootleggers became rich people within society, with known fortunes from the Prohibition era, as in the case of Al Capone who earned a vast fortune of $60 million. The production of moonshine saw the increase in illegal stills, with many people making their own whiskey for sale in the speakeasies. Agents seized 280,000 distilleries, but this is only a proportion of stills in use within the period. The Prohibition act is thought to have created more interest in the act of alcohol drinking, as there were more speakeasies than saloons in many cities, due to the vast profit margins involved with selling moonshine. This is one stable reason to conclude the failure of Prohibition, but the factor of crime and gangs- which were supposed to be prevented through Prohibition- contributed to the failure of Prohibition, due to large scale violence within the St. Valentines massacre. The most common image of Prohibition is the era of the powerful gangsters who made their fortunes from the selling of illegal liquor, within local speakeasies of their city. Sources suggest that organised crime gangs made fortunes of about $2 billion out of the trade and sale of alcohol. The gangsters were present all over the USA, but the city of Chicago was closely associated with the presence of gangs. The gangsters on the whole came from poorer immigrant backgrounds, which are closely tied from the melting pot of American society. The concept of immigrants making a fortune off the country which gave them a better quality of life, against the law of the country; I believe is an ironic situation to have, as the guests of a country create fortunes against the political view. This was a large factor of the birth of the gangsters during the era, as they came mainly from Jewish, Polish, Irish and Italian backgrounds. The gangsters were full of cunning and ruthless ideas, which ended in the massacre of many gangs on St. Valentines Day. The gangs fought viciously with each other to control the liquor and Prostitution trade, within the speakeasies environments. The gangs made good use of new technology, with automobiles and the Thompson sub machine gun to concentrate the use of fear and violence on other opposing gangs. Dan OBanion, Pete and Vince Guizenberg, Lucky Luciano and Al Capone were some of the most ruthless gang leaders at the time of Prohibition. In Chicago alone, there were 130 gang member murders within 1926 and 1927 and not one arrest was made. This was the effect of the fear of the gangs, which proved successful in preventing law enforcement against their trade. Gangster leader Al Capone is one of the famous gangsters in relation to the prohibition law, as his tactics of violence and cunning intuition within society illustrated a strong profile in the public eye. Capone was a regular at sport games, with cheered applause of fans as Capone donated generously to local charities, with the case of $30,000 on a soup kitchen for the unemployed. The violent side of Capones leadership was illustrated with the beating of a betrayed member to his loyalty, which included the beating of a baseball bat, causing immense damage to his un-loyal members. The un-predictable behaviour of the gang member proved successful in his own right, with the control of the mayor (William Hale Thompson) under the generous pledges of charity. Prohibition led to a massive widespread corruption within the services of Law enforcement during this period, as fear of gangster violence and briberies persuaded the law enforcement officers to turn a blind eye to the law of Prohibition, which was one of the main reasons for the failure of the noble experiment. Large breweries were bribing many local government officials for their businesses to stay in production. Briberies included money and in some cases alcohol, which was creating a large corrupt police force within larger cities of the USA. The conviction of guilty bootleggers was seen to die out, as many judges accepted the bribe of payment from suspected criminals. A national cartoon from the Prohibition era named- The National Gesture, illustrated the large corruption involved in this time period, due to the illustrated hand behind the back picture incorporated into bribery. Many businesses thrived on the corruption of Law enforcement, but most importantly the law enforcers were making a profit out of the law they were supposed to be protecting, creating a mockery of Prohibition. In conclusion, I believe the most probable reason for the failure of the Prohibition era is the factor of the widespread corruption involved, as law enforcers were making a profit out of a law set by the national government. If the law is not being enforced by the enforcers, then the law is non valid, which was supposed to improve social benefits; but this proved incorrect, as large scale bribery increased the production of alcohol. The prohibition era caused national tax problems, which was successfully reversed in the re-introduction of legal drinking. This factor of tax could be a possible reason for ending the Prohibition on a political view, but I believe the corruption of law enforcement was the most important reason, as there is no law without law enforcement present.

Definition and Examples of Elocution in English

Definition and Examples of Elocution in English Elocution is the art of effective public speaking, with particular attention to the clear, distinct, and socially acceptable pronunciation  of words. Adjective: elocutionary. In classical rhetoric, delivery (or actio) and style (or elocutio) were considered separate divisions of the traditional rhetorical process. See: rhetorical canons. Etymology:  From the Latin, utterance, expression Pronunciation:  e-leh-KYU-shen Also Known  As:  elocutio, style Examples and Observations The word elocution means something quite different to us from what it meant to the classical rhetorician. We associate the word with the act of speaking (hence, the elocution contest)... But for the classical rhetorician, elocutio meant style. ...All rhetorical considerations of style involved some discussion of choice of words, usually under such headings as correctness, purity..., simplicity, clearness, appropriateness, ornateness.Another subject of consideration was the composition or arrangement of words in phrases or clauses (or, to use the rhetorical term, periods). Involved here were discussions of correct syntax or collocation of words; patterns of sentences (e.g. parallelism, antithesis); proper use of conjunctions and other correlating devices both within the sentence and between sentences...A great deal of attention was paid, of course, to tropes and figures.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. Oxford University. Press, 199 9)​ The Elocutionary MovementVarious factors contributed to heightened interest in the study of elocution in both the 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous scholars recognized that traditional students interested in the ministry or the bar were lacking effective speaking skills, and attempts were made to overcome these deficiencies. Beginning in England and continuing in the United States, elocution became the main focus of rhetoric during this time. . . .In studying elocution, students were primarily concerned with four things: bodily gestures, voice management, pronunciation, and vocal production (the actual formation of the sounds of speech). (Brenda Gabioud Brown, Elocution. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication From Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996)The Principal Parts of ElocutionElocution (elocutio) . . . is the proper exposition of the appropriate words (idonea verba) and thoughts (idoneae sententiae) suitable to the th ings invented and arranged (res inventae et dispositae).Its principal parts are elegance, dignity, and composition . . .. Elegance is sensed most frequently in words and thoughts; dignity in the brilliance of the figures of words and thoughts . . .; and composition in the joining of words, in the period, and in the rhythm. (Giambattista Vico, The Art of Rhetoric (Institutiones Oratoriae), 1711-1741, trans. G. A. Pinton and A. W. Shippee, 1996)The clear enunciation of separate words and their elements.The just expression of the sense of words in connected discourse.Appropriate gesture, comprehending under this head the attitude, motions, and aspect of countenance most suitable to lend animation and force to speech. The Requisites of a Good DeliveryElocution is the art of delivering written or spoken language in the way best calculated to express the sense, beauty, or force of the words employed by the speaker.The requisites of a good delivery are:(Alexander Kennedy Isbister, Outlines of Elocution and Correct Reading, 1870)Lord Chesterfield on Becoming a Fine SpeakerThe vulgar look upon a man, who is reckoned a fine speaker, as a phenomenon, a supernatural being, and endowed with some peculiar gift of Heaven; they stare at him, if he walks in the park, and cry, that is he. You will, I am sure, view him in a juster light, and nulla formidine [without apprehension]. You will consider him only as a man of good sense, who adorns common thoughts with the graces of elocution, and the elegance of style. The miracle will then cease; and you will be convinced, that with the same application, and attention to the same objects, you may most certainly equal, and perhaps surpass, this prodigy. (Philip Stanho pe, letter to his son, February 15, 1754) Teachers of ElocutionIf there is a word more repellent than all others to an actor, or to the descendant of actors, it is the word elocution. It is saying a good deal, but, probably, outside of patent medicines, there is no humbug so great as characterizes nine tenths of elocution teaching. Men and women utterly incapable of speaking one sentence naturally undertake to make public speakers. What is the result? Pulpit, bar, rostrum, and stage teem with speakers that mouth, orate, rant, chant, and intone, but are never natural. It is a grievous evil. That elocution can be taught I have no doubt, but I know that most teachers are to be shunned as you would shun the plague.(American journalist and actress Kate Field, quoted by Alfred Ayres in Acting and Actors, Elocution and Elocutionists: A Book About Theater Folk and Theater Art, 1903)

Case study on Bank Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study on Bank Management - Essay Example 2. Profit margin: It is the ratio of net income to the operating revenue, and this ratio represents the financial efficiency of the bank. The corresponding value for First National Bank is 8.51% as compared to 6% for its peers. In other words, the First national Bank makes more profit per unit of operating revenue, thereby making this bank more efficient that its peers. Hence, the overall profitability of the bank can drastically improved by and wealth can be unlocked by increasing the loan ratio and hence valuing the bank based on present financial performance may lead to undervaluing the bank. To calculate the valuation of the First National Bank using the discounted free cash flow or the present value of future earning process, the extra piece of information required will be the rate of growth of dividend. However, the valuation of the bank can also be calculated by the price/earnings ratio. Since, as has been discussed above, the present earnings are sub optimal the bank should not be valued by multiplying the earning by the PE ratio.

Challanges we face Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Challanges we face - Essay Example Michelangelo’s transformation depicts the ideas and criticism that displays the negativity towards culture and religious authority. In fact, his personality and ego gives a better inside of a clash of values that are essential to him. Moreover, Michelanego’s personality is referred to an assimilation of eastern and western values that many modern icons go through in their lifetime period. A great deal of philosophy in essence even during the Renaissance era continued to emphasize the concept of fatalism. Dante is a prime example of that as his religious beliefs are put on a stern test as he visits his ultimate fate, which is hell. The traditional belief at that era was the fact that predestination is critical component that one must embrace. Dante’s legacy depicts that events and propositions that occur in the present will also occur in the future. Hence, events occurring in the future are unavoidable. The future is contingent and Dante’s Inferno is the key element that discusses the vital aspect of predestination. However as society progressed after the renaissance era where the black plague left an embarking mark, society began to experience this new revival of the enlightenment era. The enlightenment era undoubtedly was a different taste than the renaissance as science played a pivotal role in establishing the reasons for events that occur. Suddenly, philosophers modified their mindset to think critically instead of deriving their conclusions on fate, religion, and myths. Comparing to this to a recent event, another sort of enlightenment period was the civil rights movement in which Martin Luther King took him upon himself to challenge the traditional views of not only society but the ideologies of capitalism and white superiority. Another concept that has been altered the perspective of society was the fact that society tends to focus on

Todays Woman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Todays Woman - Essay Example For example, in the bible when the first human was created who is Adam, God saw that the man was very lonely and he need a companion and a helper as he was in-charge of the whole world. God created the woman (Eve) from the ribs of Adam and therefore human beings have interpreted that the woman is inferior to man. As a result of her supposed inferiority, the woman took the female role of being a house wife and a helper to the man and all the decisions were made by the man and in some of the cultures, this has been the trend to this day. Most of the time much of the women’s work has remained unrecognized and to some extent, undervalued, be it economically, politically, socially, or culturally. For example, many house chores are seen to be very easy, but in a day, a woman is supposed to prepare meals three times and at the same time do the cleaning while also taking care of the kids. If the total number of hours that both women and men work is put together, the woman works for mo re hours compared to a man (Gupta 73). In today’s society, the world is going through social change and the role of women as being house wives is changing. Today women are being educated and as a result, they are occupying high powered positions and influential careers, which have brought a fresh outlook and a positive impact in the society. This paper discusses the positions of women in today’s society and the positive impacts they are making. The Role of Women in Literature Many women have been victimized for their attempts in the field of writing. This is because literature was a male dominated field and for a woman to get a position in literature, it has not been an easy task. Most women in these patriarchal societies have seen their gender as being a very big and painful obstacle towards the success of their writing careers. The nineteenth century saw the emergence of elite and educated women in America and Europe. Since then, this has presented threats to the soc ieties which are very rooted in patriarchy, as women can represent themselves even in public arenas and that means empowering women (Pastor and Lloyd 2-3). During the second half of the twentieth century, Latin America saw an emerging and influential group of women writers, who have left an authoritative legacy through their literature. Most of these writers concentrated on their historical marginalization, but the trend is changing and the modern women writers have embarked on different themes like those of science and mathematics among others. The women are now seen to have positive impacts in the society from all aspects of their literature. In America, there have been many women writers who have contributed a lot to literature. Examples of these women include Zora Neale Hurston and Toni Morrison among others. Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) is a re-known folklorist and writer, who is celebrated for her great impact on the culture of the African American society of the rural south (Britannica Educational Publishing, American Literature 131). She is also remembered for the contributions that she had on the Harlem Renaissance. Harlem Renaissance was an African American culture, which involved creative arts and that had a lot of influence in the African American history. The impact of this was that it helped the black people to be proud of their heritage and re-conceptualize the stereotypes from the whites that had affected their heritage to each other. It has also served as the basis of all African American literature as well as black literature worldwide (Britannica Educa

Communication And Social Development In Society

Communication And Social Development In Society A society can neither exist without communication nor can a social structure survive without it. The multi faceted development (economic, social, political and cultural) have further asserted the importance of communication in human life. Successful communication is the key to all social relationships and environments personal or professional. What is Communication? Communication is something so simple and difficult that we can never put it in simple words. Various sociologists, educationists and psychologists have defined communication in different ways and according to the disciplines to which they belong. According to Legans communication is an act of getting a sender and a receiver tuned together for a particular massage or series of messages. Schramm says, it occurs between two corresponding systems accompanied through one or more non-corresponding systems, resulting in an identical status to establish commonness. Others like Howland, Warren Weaver, Gist, Loomis and Beegles etc. have defined communication in their respective ways, but one can conclude that it is a social interaction, that transfers the thoughts or ideas from one person or group to another so that it could be understood and acted upon. The more homogenous a group is, the effective the communication. In the 21st Century, everyone in the world can compete on an equal footing with everyone else. Therefore the difference between success and failure will be the ability to communicate and to understand. Communication is a continuous activity. It is the two way process. It is an act of sharing knowledge, feeling, ideas, information with the use of words, facial expressions, gestures, body movement and often silence, that takes its meaning from the situation. The communication situation exist when: there is a person (sender or transmitter) desirous of passing on some information; there is another person (receiver) to whom the information is to be passes on; the receiver partly or wholly understands the message passed on to him; the receiver responds to the message i.e., there some kind of feedback. The communication situation cannot exist in the absence of any of these four components. Consultant Faculty Member, Center for English Language Training (CELT), College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007. e-mail: [emailprotected] Communication is the lifeblood of the world. In todays globalized world, communication is essential for life. Communication is more than just a matter of speaking and hearing. Good communication, on the other hand, means that your message will be sent and that the people understand the message in its entirety. Further, they are much more likely to respond in a positive manner if the message was communicated effectively. A poorly communicated message will result in an unfavorable response. You cannot have human relations without communication. However, good and effective communication is required not only for good human relations but also for good social development. Types of Communication Verbal oral and written Non-Verbal expression, expressive behaviors and body language Communication Distinctions Formal/Informal Official/unofficial information exchange Vertical/Horizontal Superior Subordinates/peers Personal/Impersonal Situation of mutual influence/exchange without mutual influence Instrumental/Expressive Necessary for job/non-job information transmission Principles of Communication In order to make our communication effective we should follow certain scientific principles. They are shown in the Figure 1. Figure 1 Courtesy Consideration Conciseness Completeness Clarity Correctness Principles Of Communication Clarity For clarity of expression: use simple, easy-to-understand words, use single words for long phrases, use concrete expressions that have a visual impact on the mind and will be easy to remember, prefer active constructions, which are direct, avoid jargon. Completeness For completeness ask: who, what, where, when and, why. Conciseness For conciseness: only relevant facts, no repetition, no verbosity, proper organization of the message. Consideration For consideration: avoid gender bias, emphasize positive, pleasant facts. Courtesy Courtesy begets courtesy: so make your message courteous, use empathy, be respectful by not fawning, be brief, clear and courteous. Correctness Correctness implies: giving correct facts, at an appropriate time, in a suitable style. Conditions for Effective Communication Scholz describes some of the factors which influence the effectiveness of communication. The credibility of the communicator and the motive attributed to him have a profound influence on the reception of his message. The most successful communications are those which reinforce at least some of the audiences beliefs, those which state conclusions as well as premises and those which call for action. People are interested first in people, then in things, last in ideas. Their attitudes and opinions are strongly influenced by the groups to which they belong or want to belong. It is better to communicate information little by little over a period of time than all at once. Repeating a communication obviously prolongs its influence. Short sentences, familiar words and active verbs help to make communication both interesting and persuasive. In changing opinions, an oral presentation tends to be more effective than the written word. Only rarely is it possible for communication, particularly over the short range, to impart deep-seated attitudes or beliefs. Mass communication alone is hardly ever an effective agent of change. Communication in Education Traditional education always neglected communication. When we talk of communication skills in the field of education, it not only points at the provider, supplier or teachers but also it is equally important to develop this art among the recipients or the students. Quest of knowledge, search of truth, urge of understanding have resulted in identifying communication as the ultimate factor in making education effective. Communication is an art and if used scientifically in education it can create wonders. Communication in Industries Communication is a valuable skill. If you possess strong communication skills, this will go far in effectively helping you communicate in both your personal and professional lives. Being able to successfully communicate in business is a prime qualification many employers actively look for when hiring new staff. When conducting business we interact with different people, including, but not limited to customers, bosses, colleagues and subordinates. Depending on the nature of business we may also interact with other agencies or partnering organizations. No matter the industry, if we work for the private or public sector, or what our line, grade or position is, it is a guarantee communication will somehow prominently play a part in our daily routine. Your communication skills not only reflect upon you but your business. Organizations want to ensure they hire candidates who possess these dexterities. Once in the position our communication skills illuminate a statement about both yourself and our company, and well want to present a positive image. Projecting poor communication skills may paint us or our organization in a negative light. Communication and Globalization Culture, Communication and Globalization are focused on issues related to intercultural and international approaches to the ways in which culture, communication and globalization interplay with the world around us. Today India is developing fast vertically in the field of industry, trade, education etc., but if the efforts are put at individual level in the area of communication whether interpersonal or intrapersonal, the horizontal development in terms of quality could be also achieved at the desirable rate.

The Role of Reputation in Shakespeares Othello :: Othello essays

The Role of Reputation in Shakespeare's Othello Reputation plays a big role in the play Othello written by Shakespeare. Iago uses his reputation as an honest man to deceive Othello and everyone else. Othello's reputation also plays a big role throughout the play. Cassio's changing reputation has a big part in the outcome of the play as well. Iago's reputation played a key role in the play. Everyone thought of Iago as an honest man. "O, that's an honest fellow", "You advise me well... goodnight honest Iago." Iago convinces everyone that he is noble and honest man and he uses this to his advantage. "When devils will the blackest sins put on, they do suggest at first with heavenly shows." Without this cover he would never have been able to get Othello to believe that Desdemona would cheat on him. Just for suggesting that Desdemona would cheat on him (Othello), he probably would have killed Iago were it not for his reputation. Nobody suspects that Iago is a deceitful man and would plot to destroy Othello, Desdemona, and Cassio in such a cunning way. Iago uses his reputation to manipulate Othello and set his plan in motion and complete it. Without Iago's honest reputation would never had allowed him smear Cassio and cause the death of Desdemona and ultimately Othello as well. Othello's reputation also plays a big role in this play and the outcome of it. He has the reputation of a no nonsense military general. This status in fact partly causes Desdemona's death. He becomes so distraught when he hears from Iago that Cassio and Desdemona and cheating on him he becomes angry and wants to kill her. "I will chop her into messes! Cuckold me?" He is surprised and astonished that she would go behind his back and do this. His reputation doesn't allow him to confront her with the situation and talk things over. He is also angry that his reputation would be tarnished when found out that he is a cuckold. He proves that his reputations means a lot to him when he says, "For nought I did in hate, but all in honour." Othello believed that reputation was everything, because of his status as a general and the fact that those under him and above him respected him. Othello's reputation played a big role in the outcome of the play and in part caused Desdemona's death and his o wn.

Article Analysis on Marijuana

Medical Marijuana? A young woman has HIV. In fact, she has had HIV for 7 years. She contracted it from her boyfriend after her first sexual experience. Unfortunately, she has taken a turn for the worse. Her body is now deteriorating. She is going through cachexia, what one would refer to as HIV wasting syndrome. Cachexia defined, is the physical wasting and malnutrition of the body that is associated with chronic disease. HIV wasting syndrome causes infected people to lose weight and to suffer from damaging diarrhea, among other things. She is always in an extensive amount of pain, affecting numerous parts of her body. The physicians that she visits have tried countless treatments to alleviate her suffering; however, nothing seems to work. There is an experimental drug, on the other hand, whose efficacy to alleviate HIV wasting symptoms is being tested now. The drug that could help ease this young woman’s pain and suffering is cannabis or, in other words, marijuana. Marijuana, in most states, is said to have no medical benefits. Therefore, it is considered a schedule 1 controlled drug by the national government. This means that marijuana cannot be used as treatment for any medical conditions or ailments. The young girl now faces the grim reality that something out there may be able to lessen her suffering, but because of governmentally mandated laws, she will not be able to obtain it lawfully. Many American citizens face this scenario each year. Whether marijuana is illegal or not is not up for debate in this essay. What is up for discussion is if marijuana can be used as an effective drug to provide medically defined sick individuals with relief from what ails them. As afore mentioned, this essay is to discuss the legalization or continued illegalization of medical marijuana for the sake of the many citizens in poor health. David G. Evans wrote a letter to the Time magazine editor entitled, â€Å"Medical Marijuana: an oxymoron†. David G. Evans argues that the national government should continue the prohibition of Medical Marijuana. His most justified argument is the fact that the Food and Drug Administration has yet to approve medical marijuana for medical use (Evans par. 2). On the other hand, Kevin O’Brien and Peter A. Clark argue for the legalization of medical marijuana in needed cases. They claim that in some instances medical marijuana is the only form of medicine that is effective. They both collaborated to write the case study â€Å"Mothers and Son: the case of Medical Marijuana†. A third article will be used to discredit or reinforce each article’s claims in a judicious indiscriminate manner. The third article is a research paper written by Tia Taylor from the American College of Physicians. The article is regarding medical marijuana. This in-depth researched paper has highly researched and supported arguments. The research paper’s goal is to clarify the Physicians’ intentions for medical marijuana and to argue reasons how medical marijuana could be an asset to the medical field. The two articles are well written as well as principally factual. Notwithstanding, one article is more persuasive and more factually based then the other. The case study â€Å"Mother and son: the case of medical marijuana† has slightly more reasonable claims, therefore it would seem to have the better argument. In an attempt to be unbiased, a comprehensive analysis of both articles is needed. This will be done in a way that discusses each author’s claims and some of their intrinsic worth. The title of the first article is â€Å"Medical Marijuana: an oxymoron. † This article is a letter to the editor printed in Time Magazine and written by David G. Evans. David G. Evans is the executive director of the Drug-Free Schools Coalition, a program that teaches children about the dangers of using drugs. His job qualifications entail knowing information about marijuana and other harmful drugs. As a result, he is well informed about issues of drugs as well as being a stern opponent of anything pro-drug. He makes a great deal of relevant claims. One such claim is that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has yet to approve smoked marijuana as medicine (Evans par. 2). This is because smoked marijuana has yet to meet the clinical trial standards for public use. Many organizations reject marijuana because smoked marijuana is â€Å"crude† or ineffective (Evans par. 4). Marijuana is not a very good choice of medicine when compared to other safer and effective drugs. Evans claims that smoking is not the most effective way to deliver the drug to the body (Evans par. 5). In addition to not being able to calculate the dosage of marijuana effectively, there are harmful side effects that the use of marijuana can create. He claims that marijuana use increases the chances of addiction and drug use among children (Evans par. 7). He also claims that marijuana’s continued mainstreaming is obstructing children’s view of it as a dangerous drug. He goes on to say that, the states with pro-medical marijuana â€Å"initiatives† have the highest amount of drug addictions (Evans par. 7). He goes on to end by saying that he is a cancer survivor and he knows how it feels to have feelings of hopelessness (Evans par. 9). He says that he is not against people who actually need medical marijuana. He is in opposition to the people who will manipulate the system to support their drug habits (Evans par. 8). The following article is entitled â€Å"Mother and son: the case of medical marijuana† from The Hastings Center Report. This second article is a case study done by Kevin 0’Brien and Peter A. Clark. The subject of the case study is a family, a mother and her seven-year-old son JJ. JJ is hyperactive and aggressive; in fact, he has been like this for most of his life (Clark, O’Brien par 1). He has seen numerous physicians as well as had numerous medicines prescribed to help treat his condition (Clark, O’Brien 2). Nonetheless, nothing seems to work very effectively. JJ’s mother began trying to find alternatives that could possibly help her son. In 2001, she discovered that marijuana could possibly help her son (Clark, O’Brian par. 3). With counsel from her son’s physician, she began JJ on a daily regimen of marijuana. Thus far, JJ’s mother has seen improvement in her son’s condition after treating him with medical marijuana. Medical marijuana has helped this young child function. Kevin O’Brien and Peter A. Clark have written their opinions in this case study; however, this essay will only focus on Peter A. Clark’s opinion for the sake of time. Peter A. Clark is an associate professor of health administration and theology at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is also the bioethicist for Mercer Health System in Philadelphia. He supports the use of medical marijuana. He reinforces his opinion by using information from eleven scientists commissioned by the president of the United States and appointed by the Institute of Medicine to study marijuana in 1999 (Clark, O’Brian par. 14). The reports say that the benefits of the medical use of marijuana are limited because of the adverse affect of the smoke. They still recommended the use of it if no other options were effective. They also found that administering the drug to sick people does not influence the drug use of the general public. According to the study, marijuana is not a gateway drug and the fact that the government still has not reclassified marijuana as a schedule 2 drug is jeopardizing the health and well-being of many Americans (Clark, O’Brian par. 14). He says that we are now faced with two good and bad consequences: marijuana can sometimes work better than some conventional methods and marijuana has adverse long-term effects that can lead to addiction (Clark, O’ Brian par. 5). He also talks about the fact that Marinol is an alternative to marijuana; however, it has its shortcomings (Clark, O’Brien par. 17). Marinol is a synthetic form of marijuana. Although it negates the negative effects of marijuana, Marinol is very expensive: $500 dollars for 100 ten-milligram capsules. It is reported by patient s that Marinol is very strong but weakens severely after continued use. He also says that studies show that marijuana works more effectively than Marinol. That is why marijuana is a better choice of drug than Marinol both costliness and effectiveness (Clark, O’Brian par. 17). He believes that the only main concerns about medical marijuana are the chances of long-term complications and the fact that the dosage, sometime in the future, will have to be increased (Clark, O’Brien par. 18). He ends by saying that it is unacceptable for physicians to refuse to offer medicinal marijuana to patients. Some patients are suffering badly and traditional treatments are not working for them (Clark, O’Brien par. 18). The doctor is obligated to help the patient by any means necessary. Both of the articles talk about whether or not smoked marijuana is an effective way to administer cannabis to a patient. I believe that this argument is a very important argument in order to show which author supports their argument with strong, factual evidence. However, to do this effectively another more proven source must be introduced. The third article is a paper written by Tia Taylor from the American College of Physicians titled â€Å"Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana†. This article is more scientifically based then the other two. The article is a position paper showing the American College of Physicians’ reasons why they believe the government should support the scientific study of medical marijuana. The position paper has very well written arguments; however, to reach a well thought out conclusion for this essay I will only use one authoritative argument. In â€Å"Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana†, one of the arguments that Tia Taylor writes about is the difference between smoke marijuana and an orally administered form of marijuana (American College Par. 22). She says that when first administered, oral THC is much slower reacting than its counterpart is. According to the article, oral THC also produces adverse symptoms that last more extensively han those created from smoking marijuana do (American College Par. 22). The article says that smoked THC imbibes quickly through the bloodstream; therefore, the effects are felt quicker than orally administered THC. She ends by saying that in some situation smoked marijuana can be a more appropriate approach than the oral form of THC. At this moment, enough is known on the subject of oral THC opposed to smoke THC to make an informed decision on which author comprehensively argued his position. In his article, â€Å"Medical marijuana: an oxymoron†, David G. Evans says that smoked marijuana is an ineffective way to issue THC (Evans par. ). He also says that it is impossible to calculate the medical marijuana dosage this way. He finishes by discussing the adverse effect on health of marijuana. Although Kevin O'Brien does not talk about the efficacy of smoked marijuana, he does discuss the dosage problem of marijuana. He says that marijuana is a drug and since it is self-medicated, it is supposed to be cautiously used and not abused (O’Brien Par. 10). He also talks about the fact that marijuana is, in the long-term, harmful. However, sometimes there are no other options. Although both authors did not complete a very effective argument, David G. Evans’ argument is more plausible. His argument, in some ways, follows the analytical standard set. He talks more about facts than Kevin O’Brien, who uses more of an emotionally backed argument. The articles from Kevin O’Brien and David G. Evans have valid arguments. This part of the essay will examine the approach that each author took to discuss his respective opinion. Kevin O’Brien’s argument is less based on facts and more based upon emotion. He argues more about the fact that we should be sympathetic for those who need medical marijuana (O’Brien Par. 6). He loses a great deal of credibility relaying so heavily on emotion. David G. Evans bases his arguments on facts. He makes a considerable effort to leave emotion out of his article. He is a cancer survivor and he could have written regarding his own personal battle with a debilitating disease. However, he decided to make a more factual based argument. So therefore, in my opinion, David G. Evans article is more effective at getting his point across. Although this essay is about other authors’ opinion on a certain subject, this subject is very significant today. The national government is in dispute over the issue of medical marijuana, and not just medical marijuana; the government is debating whether to legalize marijuana completely. There are issues with medical marijuana that must be resolved before the government downgrades it to a schedule 2 drug. In addition, both authors recognized these issues and discussed them eloquently even though they had their own individual biases. The intent of this article is not to show that one of the authors was right and one was wrong, but just to show which author constructed a better argument. What needs to be taken away from this essay is the fact that the government needs to address the issue of medical marijuana straight out. Works citied â€Å"American College of Physicians. † Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 2008: Position Paper. Evans, David G. â€Å"Medical marijuana: an oxymoron? † Skin & Allergy News 36. 9 (2005): 14+. Academic OneFile. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. . Evans, David G. â€Å"Medical marijuana: an oxymoron? † Skin & Allergy News 36. 9 (2005): 14+. Academic OneFile. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. .

How to Write a Compare #038; Contrast Essay in Literature †a Guide That Covers Everything

How to Write a Compare #038; Contrast Essay in Literature – a Guide That Covers Everything A compare and contrast essay (also sometimes called comparative analysis essay or simply a comparison essay) is a relatively short piece of academic writing that tries to identify parallels and contrasts between two or more entities belonging to the same category. In other words, you cannot compare things that have completely nothing in common. In literature, it most commonly will be texts, characters or authors, although more complex comparisons are also possible – for example, that of a certain concept or idea as expressed in the works of two different authors or in the work of one author during two or more different periods. The task of such comparison may look trivial, but this impression usually only lasts until you start writing. After that, it becomes obvious that this type of academic work has a lot of its own peculiarities, and you cannot write a proper essay without knowing them. In this guide you will find everything you need to write a high-quality compare and contrast essay – just read on. How to Select a Topic for a Compare and Contrast Essay in Literature Normally, professors assign you a topic to write about. Although this way you can end up with something unfamiliar and uninteresting, having the direction of your research chosen for you takes a significant load off your shoulders, because selecting a topic of your own without any guidelines can be confusing. If you don’t want to spend too much time trying to think about a suitable topic, follow the steps we suggest. 1. Study Your Assignment Even if your professor did not give a topic per se, the instructions you have received can help you decide in what direction you should move. Read them carefully and make sure you understand if your choice is limited in any way. For example, you may be asked to simply compare two texts of your choice. Alternatively, your professor may want you to focus on differences and similarities between A and B. Or you may need to not just compare the entities, but also make specific observations and draw conclusions. 2. Take a Look at Your Course Your choice of essay topic should be relevant for the topic you are taking and based on what you have learned in it. For example, if you have been studying British Post-Modern writers, it is only natural to choose a topic that has something to do with them. You can compare two writers of this movement, or compare British Post Modernism with its American counterpart, or pick a particular theme characteristic of this movement and see how it is reflected in the works of two different writers who belong to it. 3. Be Original Whatever the course, there are always topics that are immediately obvious for everybody who takes them. For example, comparison between 1984 and Animal Farm by George Orwell or between the characters of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn from Mark Twain’s books are so painfully obvious that they immediately manifest the lack of effort and creativity on your part. In other words, if something strikes you as a good topic immediately after you are assigned an essay to write, it is probably not the best idea to choose it. If you want to be truly original, run a couple of searches using online academic search engines to see if there are many existing papers with the topics similar to the one you are thinking about. It is wise to maintain a balance: finding a topic that has some representation in academic literature but is not all over the place. 4. Look for Parallels in Unusual Places There are two basic ways to write an interesting compare and contrast essay in literature. Firstly, you can compare two entities from an unusual perspective. Perhaps, take two texts (characters, literary movements, etc.) that are commonly studied side by side and compare them to each other, but instead of taking a tried and true route you can analyze them from a viewpoint that does not occur to the majority of people. For example, take Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, but do not focus on the usual aspects (different views on slavery, more serious tone of the latter book, different narrative structures, etc.). Instead, compare them with an emphasis on the evolution of Mark Twain’s views and perception of the world between the publication of these two novels, his growing cynicism and disillusionment in the world. 5. Make Sure You Can Write on This Topic Sometimes a topic that looks ideal at a glance may turn out to be incredibly difficult to work with. You may suddenly find out there are not enough sources of information, or that there are far fewer parallels between A and B than you initially believed. It is better to make such discoveries before you finalize your topic and start writing in earnest. Therefore, do the following: Check online academic databases to see if there are enough reliable sources to build upon; Write preliminary lists of what A and B have in common and how they are different. See if there are enough points to discuss in an essay of the required size; See if you can make a meaningful conclusion from your comparison. Your goal is not to just list similarities and differences between A and B, but to achieve some kind of result: for example, establish a pattern that is not obvious at a precursory glance. Eventually, you should end up with a topic like one of these: Storytelling Techniques Employed by Edgar Allan Poe and Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Similarities, Differences, Influences; Lord of the Flies by William Golding: Did It Influence Battle Royale by Koushun Takami? The Chronicle of Young Satan, Schoolhouse Hill and No. 44, the Mysterious Stranger: Three Versions of Mark Twain’s Last Story; Odysseus and Achilles from Homer’s The Iliad: Two Viewpoints on Pride and Duty; Euripides’ Medea and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: Two of the Most Famous Tragedies Ever Written. Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay in Literature: Step by Step 1. Write Down Detailed Lists of Similarities and Differences Analyze the entities under scrutiny and prepare two lists, enumerating everything similar and different about them. You should have them ready when you finally start writing so that you do not have to return to this stage later on. To make this task easier you can first create a list of criteria to use when comparing A and B. For example, if you compare two texts, you can pay attention to the language used in them, setting, main themes, personalities of the main characters, historical periods they were written in, personal situations of their authors at the time of writing, etc. 2. Define the Main Idea and Formulate Your Thesis Statement To write a good compare and contrast essay it is not enough to list what makes A and B similar or different. The comparisons you make should result in an overarching conclusion: for example, you can discover that two texts written in different parts of the world and in vastly different historical periods have much more in common than can be expected (like Ancient Greek tragedies and some Shakespeare’s plays). Express this overarching idea in a thesis statement – a short summary one sentence long. Make sure it is: Concise – if you need more than one sentence to express it, you probably spread yourself too thin; Concentrated – a thesis statement for an essay should not contain more than one point. If you find yourself drifting towards two or more main points, you should spend some time narrowing down your focus; Unambiguous – a thesis statement should leave no room for misunderstandings. Express your idea directly and in a simple language. 3. Decide What It Relevant Any two things can be compared across unlimited numbers of points, but not all of these comparisons are relevant for your research question/main idea. For example, the fact that Shakespeare wrote in Elizabethan English while Euripides wrote in Ancient Greek are notable differences between the two, but they are irrelevant as long as you do not discuss the linguistic aspects of their works. 4. Choose Structure There are some additional variants, but mostly a compare and contrast essay can be structured according to one of two patterns: Block Method With this method, you roughly divide the body of your essay into two parts. In the first you describe all the similarities between A and B (or whatever number of entities you analyze), in the second you go over all the differences. After that, you discuss what is more important and draw conclusions. Alternatively, you can spend one block to discuss and analyze subject A and then move on to subject B. This approach has a number of advantages: It offers complete pictures of the subjects you discuss, allowing for more general conclusions; It does not appear repetitive or mechanical, as you do not jump from one subject to another all the time; It is easier to follow. However, it is not very well suited for longer essays, because as you describe one subject you move the other to the background, and it is easy to forget that you make a comparison and do not just describe two unrelated things. Thus, it is usually used in shorter essays or when you want to do a lens/keyhole comparison – that is, use A as a context or field of reference for analyzing B (and thus give only a short description of A before moving on to B). Point-by-Point Method With this more analytical approach you break up your discussion into multiple parts and dedicate each of them to studying an individual point. For example, if you compare Crome Yellow and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, you define what is important for your argument (main character, his relationships with female characters, setting, etc.), and then spend a paragraph apiece analyzing this point in both novels. This method: Allows for a more detailed analysis; Is better suited for longer essays. However, you should make sure you only cover the most relevant comparison points, because constant back and forth between the two subjects can become repetitive and boring. 5. Prepare an Outline An outline is a short yet detailed plan of your essay. You jot down what parts it will contain, what you will mention in each of them, how you will create logical connections between them, where you will put quotations, etc. 6. Write the Essay Besides the body paragraphs, its structure is typical: Introduction – you introduce the topic and provide basic context; Thesis statement – you state the purpose of your essay; Body – you compare the subjects in question; Conclusion – you summarize what you have written and decide if your initial hypothesis proved true. Proofreading a Compare and Contrast Essay in Literature: Useful Tips 1. Do not Start Proofreading Right Away If you have any time to spare, leave your essay alone for a while. We recommend a period of at least 24 hours. This will help you notice many mistakes that would otherwise escape your attention. 2. Clarify Formatting and Other Requirements If you are not sure about any requirements (from one of the common style guides or official instructions of your college), clarify them. Then check everything about your essay: font type and size, pagination, title page, quotations, etc., and make sure they follow the guidelines. 3. Do not Trust Spellcheckers Microsoft Word’s spellchecker is only useful for finding the most blatant spelling mistakes. It has very peculiar notions of what makes good and bad writing, so do not feel obliged to change your wording if it underlines it. Some online proofreading tools like Grammarly or Hemingway are a little better and can help you with grammar and sentence structure, but still, do not rely on them too much. 4. Cut the Flab You can always safely toss something out from the first draft. If a word, sentence or even a paragraph does nothing to move your point forward, delete it without regret. 5. Watch out for Repetitions We do not just mean the repetition of the same information, although you should avoid it by all costs. Repetitions of any kind can spoil the impression that your essay makes: e.g., try not to begin multiple paragraphs with the same word. Congratulations! Now you are ready to submit your essay for evaluation. We hope this guide proved useful!

Corporate social responsibility Research Paper Example

Corporate social responsibility Research Paper Example Corporate social responsibility Paper Corporate social responsibility Paper Corporate social responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contributes to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. Although the secondary stakeholders such as community, society and environment seem to have lower effect on business, an organisation that sought to act in a responsible way would need to compromise and take into account the secondary effects i.e. the externalities of business practice when undertaking work. These responsibilities are directly linked to the essential functions the organisation performs for society and the influence it has upon the lives of individuals. WPP Media is undertaking many programmes in relation to being socially responsible. In 2002, WPP adopted a Corporate Social Responsibility policy and established a performance baseline comprising a small number of key measures for environmental and social issues. WPPs director, Howard Paster, is responsible for the implementation of this policy. WPPs operating companies, together with the parent company, make a substantial contribution to society e.g. donations to charity and community organizations. They contributed more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12 million worth of time, skills, materials and money to social and community causes in 2001. WPP supports a number of community programmes including the Partnership Against Drugs, a UK-government initiative led by Business in the Community, and has participated in the Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum. WPP is a founder member of the RSAs initiative, Centre for Tomorrows Company, which advances best competitive and ethical business practice. As WWP Media is mainly a service-based company, their impact on the environment is small, but the Group recognises that the pursuit of economic growth and a healthy environment are inextricably linked. WPP, as a parent company to their operating companies, upholds the principle of subsidiary and charges their companies to adhere to best practice. In their worldwide operations they endeavour to adopt good environmental practice in respect of premises, equipment and consumption of resources. In the last few years they have invested in millions in improving areas such as education, employment and financed government schemes. As part of WPPs strategy of supporting young people through education, they have pledged 60,000 to Londons first Arts College for the Media Arts: Charles Edward Brooke, a state secondary school for girls from multi-ethnic backgrounds. This government-backed initiative aims to equip young people with the skills needed to succeed in business and to make learning more relevant to the needs of future employers. Group companies are contributing help, counsel and equipment to the college. To carry on the social responsibility doesnt mean the company has to give up their profit, WPPs success has proved that socially responsible firms tend to outperform the market average; it shows the company has long term plan. In addition they will obtain good reputation and stable relationships with their external environment. In conclusion of this essay, WPP Media is showing signs of being a Company that is dedicated to high standards of ethical practice. Their behaviour has met the public expectation, customer demand, also the employees desire. They are taking up projects, policies and standards that please all of their main stakeholders and are still improving every year. Therefore they have obtained not only economic profit but also more importantly, the good reputation, which will benefit their business in long run. Their needs are being met and constantly exercised. It remains to be seen what entails for the company in the future; after all ethical practise should be set as a long-term goal for any organisation and its worth the investment. Bibliography Business strategy, an Introduction  Authors: David Campbell  George Stonehouse, www.weblocate.net.

Term paper for the class the economics of race and gender

For the class the economics of race and gender - Term Paper Example The changing roles have been discussed based on the views from the various articles. This is an important topic as it brings out the current events in the society and also highlights the changes that have been noted in the markets. The style of living and even basic spending patterns have seen a major chance with the changing roles in the household. This topic plays a very important role in the current times and has not only brought out the revolution of women but also brings out the changing efforts of men and their contributions to the home front as well. With the recession and the declining markets, the number of men who have lost their jobs has increased to a great extent. The research by Brown clearly indicates that almost 9.4% of the men are recorded to be unemployed, while only around 7% of women have been impacted by this recession (Brown). It has been noted with the changing times and the openness of society, there has been a higher acceptance of the men staying at home and taking care of the home chores while the wives go out and earn the money for the sustenance of the families. As very well explained by Lauren Young, â€Å"The definition of fatherhood has expanded to encompass a capacity for caregiving, just as motherhood has expanded to include breadwinning† (Young). It is also crucial to identify that the changes in roles in a number of cases is voluntary while in some cases is pushed upon. However as per the data from 2007, it has been noted that almost 33.5% of the women tend to earn much more than their husbands and there has been a higher number of men who are slowly losing out on their jobs due to the recession and the worsened economic conditions across the world. There have been varied views on the changing roles. As has been explained by Allison Linn, â€Å"While many female breadwinners say they enjoy their jobs and are proud of being able to support the

Looking for Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Looking for Freud - Essay Example As it is hard sometimes to be true to oneself, acceptance of what one's life has been is an important key.Looking into Freud's stages of psychosexual development, his contribution to developmental psychology, I cannot recall if I indeed have gone through the oral and anal stages. Maybe I was too young to remember. But I distinctly remember going through the "feminine Oedipus attitude" phase or Elektra complex as how Carl Jung called it. According to Freud, this happens during the phallic stage (Boeree). When I was five years old, I remember I was so attached to my father. This romantic attachment by a daughter to her father is also described by Dr. Spock, in his book Baby and Child Care, as a natural stage in a female child's development. Freud also posited the idea that if one had problems in these psychosexual stages, these problems will be manifested into fixations and will affect one's character development. In my experience when I was in the feminine Oedipal attitude or the Elek tra complex stage, I perceived that my father favored me over my mother. Because of these, I became quite self-centered and vain during my teens to early adulthood. But as aged, I learned to veer away from these attitudes