Rock Fest at Hard Rock

Rock Fest at Hard Rock In order for specific events and projects to be successful, an effective and efficient plan is necessary. A plan reflects the possible outcome of the project or event at hand. Planning is described as the method of deciding what to do and the process of how to execute them (Kerzner, 2003). It allows the integration of people’s values, attitude, needs, and preference in coming up with sound decisions. Good planning is signified by a fine short term decision that has major impact on long term objectives (Bartholomew, 2005). It is a social activity that involves various people, thus participation and management of people is vital as results are affected by how people are involved, and is not confine in identifying problems that the group would encounter and finding out the easiest solution to them. It could become a good learning process not only for the problems at hand but also for future situations (Kerzner, 2003). In holding an event such as a rock fest with a 9 month plan horizon, time is of the essence. For the first few months it is important to secure the services of the bands that would play on the night of the rock fest. It is the organizer’s first priority as performers have tight schedule and they might find it hard to tap their services on the night of the scheduled event. For me, tapping their services and joining them altogether in one evening would be the most critical path. About a month or two after the event was proposed, a complete line up of performers should have been finalized and the target schedule date should be revealed. Organizers may find it hard to look for that common time of every band, if notification would not come during the early stages of the proposed rock event. Preparing the schedule and the list of the bands that would play would be the most challenging part for the organizers. After the list has been prepared and bands have made their commitment to be included in the rock fest, the next phase for the project would be advertising and promoting it. These would run for the next six months and so. The phase would include ironing out every details of the contract of the bands that would play, tickets sales, promotions, sponsorships and logistics. At this stage I see limited problem since Hard Rock Cafe is well known; posters, streamers and flyers could come in handy as funding for the project would not be limited and furthermore the organizer could easily make a tie up with their previous sponsors. The only thing that may derailed the project’s progress is if the project coordinator failed to come up with a catchy title, poster designs and taglines that would make the rock fest even more exciting. A month before the rock fest, the focus then would be preparing for the rock site, lighting and sound systems and security, contributes heavily to the organizer’s focus. Good lighting and sound system add more spice and excitement to rock fest. Thus the beauty of the two elements is a must. Security, on the other hand, is a major concern to prevent unruly fans and mob from becoming more rowdy. This is another major challenge as many events are ruined by uncontrolled crowd. Bands unable to get into the venue and situation involving emergency cases would not pose a problem since a helicopter is on stand by ready to fly. With a good plan and proper management of resources from day one up to the night of the said event, there is no reason not to be optimistic with the rock fest’s result.

What Are the Main Barriers to Particpation in Sport of Disabled Bodied Sports Men and Women

What are the main barriers to participation in sport for people with disabilities? People with disabilities have much to offer the world of sport. As well as the top disabled sportspeople, there are many ordinary disabled people who can and do benefit from sport. Sport allows everybody to stay healthy and to meet people. However, people with disabilities do face serious obstacles to participation in sport. Society continues to discriminate against, handicap and impose barriers on disabled people.Also it is interesting to know that as much as three quarters of disabled adults rely on state benefits as their main source of income they are also financially disadvantaged, which multiples barriers to participation. The ‘disabled' are not all the same, but a mixture of people with a range of disabilities including deafness, sight impairment, amputation, paraplegia, cerebral palsy and learning difficulties.Elite athletes with a disability competed for the first time for medals in the Commonwealth Games in 2002, but much more still needs to be done if disabled people are to enjoy the same sporting opportunities as the rest of the population. A survey taken out by Sport England in the same year reveals that people with disabilities must overcome significant problems if they are to enjoy anything like the same access to sporting activity s the non-disabled population.Amongst the results, Sport England discovered that just over 50% of the disabled population had taken part in any kind of sporting activity in the last month before the survey. This is 24% less than non-disabled people. Looking at the experiences of disabled people who take part in sport, the study found that: Of those disabled adults who participated in sport in the 12 months before the survey, 65% would like to play more. Also a negative experience in sport due to their health problem or disability was reported by 14% of disabled adults.The overall conclusion of the report is that rather than concent rating on increasing the supply of suitable facilities or providing adapted equipment, which have been the usual responses to this problem, more needs to be done to provide people with a disability with credible information on the sports and physical activities that they might be able to do given the nature of their disability. There are currently seven national disability sports associations, which are united by the English Federation of Disability Sport, a charity founded in 1999.The associations are: Disability Sport England (DSE), British Deaf Sports Council, British Blind Sport, Cerebral Palsy Sport, British Wheelchair Sports Foundation, British Amputee and Les Autres Sports Organisation, the English Sports Association for People with a Learning Disability. Traditionally, disability has been viewed from a medical perspective. People with disabilities have been considered as dependant and passive rather than independent and self-governing, probably because they have been support ed by various carers and professionals.This limited and limiting view has more recently been updated with a social view which recognises that attitudes, assumptions, myths and stereotyping, along with inadequately deigned environments all impose limitations on disabled people. Organisations, which are developed by and for non-disabled people, are now seen as the main sources of discrimination. Identifying the Barriers It is not always possible for disabled people to go to events. Transport to facilities may be difficult. This is because venues may be too far away for them to travel and modes of transport for them are limited, depending on their disability.There may not be suitable doors and ramps at entrances to buildings. Modifying buildings for disabled people can be expensive, so therefore most buildings lack correct access. Also plans for facilities, funding and events do not always take account of needs of the competitors and spectators with disabilities. Sports centres and clu bs do not automatically make provision for everyone, including people with disabilities. Governing bodies do not usually hold events for disabled people within the able bodied championships. People with disabilities may have had little opportunity in the past to develop their sporting skills.This is because integration of school pupils with disabilities into physical education lessons presents many challenges. Also disabled people may not be able to afford the coast of taking part in sport. This is because as previously stated three quarters of the disabled population rely on state benefits and do not have much disposable income. Also disabled people face the one of the same barriers women face. This barrier is the media. Women have a lot less media coverage compared to men; however the disabled have even less than that.If there are many more sporting role models for the disabled, such as Tanni Grey Thompson and Ade Adepitan, they will be encouraged to participate more and aspire to be more like them. What's Being Done? The Sports Council aims to ensure equality of opportunity for people with disabilities to take part in sport and recreation at the level of their choice. They have seen main objectives: * To raise the profile of people with disabilities in sport. * To make sure plans for sport include the needs of people with disabilities. * To provide opportunities for people with disabilities to take part in sport. To improve access to sport for people with disabilities. * To encourage involvement for people with disabilities in international sport. * To use all resources and to seek extra fiance * To make sure sport meets the needs of people with disabilities. Our local council is committed to promoting equality of opportunity and providing equal access to employment opportunities, services and facilities for everyone within the community. People who work in the public sector have to consider the impact of their work on disabled people, and take action to ta ckle disability inequality.This should means that disabled people have better employment opportunities and do not come across discrimination when using a service. It should also help promote positive attitudes towards disabled people in everyday life. The Disability Sport Wales National Community Development Programme is a joint initiative between the Sports Council for Wales, the Federation of Disability Sport Wales and the 22 local authorities across Wales. The scheme is aimed at developing quality community based sporting and recreational opportunities for disabled people throughout Wales.The programme is promoted and delivered through a network of Disability Sport Wales Development Officers located across every Local Authority in Wales. Disability Sport Wales aims to create new clubs and give professional advice and support to improve existing clubs, increase the number of disabled people who actively participate in sports clubs, groups and sessions. Also to improve the quality and number of coaches and volunteers within disability sport through coach education and other systems and create new and further develop existing opportunities for disabled people to compete in sport at local, regional and national level. Another of heir aims is to work closely with the Federation's National Performance Manager ensuring that individuals with potential are given the opportunity to train and, where appropriate, compete to the highest standards. Another of their ‘missions' is to ensure that Wales maintains the Nations current medal winning achievements and continues to support and contribute toward Great Britain Teams in Paralympics, Deaflympic and Intellectual Disability sport They aim to do this by delivering an athlete centred programme ensuring that elite athletes reach their full potential at the very highest standards of performance within disability sport.Do you think that sportsmen with disabilities should be able to compete in the same sports as able bo died athletes? Yes I think that anyone should have the chance to participate at any level if they have the required skill set and talent, being disabled may give a performer little advantage or disadvantage, some new rules or different regulations would have to occur or be instated.

Global Consultants Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Consultants Business Plan - Essay Example Businesses must also not disregard cultural concerns. They should set up specialists to ensure that their business' giveaways or advertisements do not go against any cultural norms. Businesses should also be adaptable regarding the advertising arrangement. For instance, Italy and Hong Kong set restrictions on cash prizes, while current policies in Canada have challenged the ability to organize a skill competition with a prerequisite purchase. There are usually simple workarounds like offering an alternative means of entry or prize. Businesses should also be ready to run the campaign structure differently. Some countries might require different methods of promotion administration and advertising. For instance, drawings may need to be locally held and witnessed by certain officials, and winners informed by certain means. Some provinces might require that the rules and promotion be in the language or dialect of the locality, while others might require newspaper publication. Also, in so me countries, some campaigns may need to be registered. Privacy law also differs from one country to another. Thus, the utilization, transmitting, accumulation, or gathering of exclusive data needs particular deliberation. Also, businesses should not believe that since a country in a specific territory allows a certain system that it will be permitted in all areas in that territory. Country-specific understanding of rules will spell a big difference. Lastly, businesses should budget funds and time to get it correctly accomplished. Synchronizing the legal issues in several regions is definitely more costly and time consuming than doing business in the U.S. alone. Be prepared to add around half a month to the time frame if the business intends on going global. Summary of the Business Plan The Philippine situation is presently characterized by the facts that investment appetites are low, budgets are being slashed, businesses are cutting costs, and times are tough. Being aware of this situation, Global Consultants (GC) has concluded that its potential clients would be interested in doing things in a smarter way, with adequate support of competent and dependable market intelligence. Global Consultants knows that it can offer both value creations and solutions to its potential clients. The senior consultants have been working with some highly regarded U.S.-based multi-national businesses for many years, andhave wide knowledge of Southeast Asian business environments. The company will aim to provide marketing services to targeted business environments in the Southeast Asia region, particularly the Philippines. The target start of operations is January 2009. Mission GC will offer businesses an excellent, dependable option to in-house resources for channel development, industrial sectors analysis, market intelligence, market development, and business development on a global range. A proper alternative to in house resources offers an exceptionally sophisticated practical experience, skill, connections, and privacy. Clients must be aware that working with the company is a less risky and more professional method of developing new areas compared to working in-house with their own employees. GC should be also able to maintain financial stability, charging a high value for its services and delivering an even higher worth of output to its clients. Primary focus will be expansion in the Southeast

The 7 Unbreakable Rules of Digital Strategy Success Assignment

The 7 Unbreakable Rules of Digital Strategy Success - Assignment Example It is their responses through which the company responds to the market trends. This can be done so through the during the sales process or through formally dedicated surveys conducted to know about the impulse of customers as a whole. Since the customers make up for large part of company profile, company performance, revenues and returns, it is therefore important to start off with the audience identification. Dissection and specialization of services based on the kind of audience to which the services are directed makes up for the first basic principle of success in the entire process of market driven functions. Once the audience is identified accordingly and their areas of concern and interested are dealt with, it enables handling the remaining part of process and task completion easier and practically executable in this regard. Keeping up with the constant change in the demand of the customers also serves for the criteria fulfillment with regard to the customers’ needs

Three stages in the international product life cycle theory Essay

Three stages in the international product life cycle theory - Essay Example Production of a particular product in a certain region is based on market analysis regarding resource availability, needs, and purchasing power of the target market. The characteristics of this stage are that the sales volumes and prices are high. At this level, the demand is greater than the supply with little competitors in the niche thus allowing for expansion of the business. Furthermore, at this stage the advertisement is at its peak with the technique having tremendous effect on the target market. During the growth stage, international imitators have had no chance to create imitations at a cheaper price that eventually destabilizes the market. A good example of a company that vividly elaborates this stage is Chinese Tecno Mobile Phone Company. The company based in the most populated country came up with a product to meet the demand for cheap Smartphone. The company realized massive profits in 2004 when it started. The next stage of the cycle is the maturity stage. In this stage, the demand becomes level, and the rate of increase of sales is reduced. At this level, the imitators have had enough time to create a product that creates competition in the available market at a cheaper price. However, esteemed customers who enjoy services of the original product which explained a level demand of the product as no new customers are using the product. Producer of the original product at this stage might opt to reduce prices if competition on the available market becomes stiff. The decreased sales volume and prices lead to a reduction in the amount of profits realized at a specific financial period (Funk,  2004). A good example of this is the Antex Knitting Meals located in Los Angeles. The profits realized by the company after establishment in 1979 were high compared to the current profits selling 2.7 million yards of fabric per week. Currently, the company sales add up to 1.5million yards of fabric per week. Decline is the

Bronfenbrenner Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bronfenbrenner Analysis - Research Paper Example The theory largely illustrates how the environmental factors affect early education of a child towards full maturity. Though many theories put more emphasis on the nurture vs. nature relation (Paquette and Ryan, 2), Bronfenbreenner’s ecological system theory goes deeper into the perspective of the child’s environment in terms of the quality and context of the child’s environment. Therefore, in order to understand human development in a better perspective of the entire ecological system has to be considered and its relation to the growth and development of the child. This involves considering the micro systems that refer to the relationship between the developing person, the environment and the macros system, which refers to institutional patterns that include customs, economy and bodies of knowledge. The theory is much detailed and goes beyond the facts considered by other developmental theories in child development. Bronfebrenner (38) explains that the first proposition of the general ecological model state that especially in the early stages and largely to the entire life, the human development takes process though complex, reciprocal and progressive process that interacts between an active evolving bio-psychological human organism and the persons, objects, symbols that are in the immediate environment. The forms of interaction in the immediate environment are referred to as proximal process and may include, mother –child and child-child relationship. The theory implicates that a child has to be considered in the context of a wider scope to the social spheres of influence. The child cannot develop outside a unique historical, ideological and sociopolicatical set of circumstances. The advantage of this theory is that while others concentrate on the impacts of thinking, perception, motivation and learning that is perceived at an isolated level of

Academic and Professional Statement Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic and Professional - Personal Statement Example The program will truly be helpful in providing me with an understanding about the academic and professional discipline of helping others in an efficient manner and assist me to gain the rewarding outcome of enhancing their quality of life. I graduated from Hagerstown Community College as a Human Service Technician in 2010. Currently I am completing my Bachelor of Social Work from Shippensburg University along with a minor in Criminal Justice. My most conspicuous and memorable experience was with the United States Army as a Staff Sergeant from 1991 to 2001. Working as a Staff Sergeant, I had the opportunity to work with my fellow soldiers, supervisors and officers of higher posts. As a Staff Sergeant I was able to help others and also gain knowledge about human rights and social justice at the same time. Dealing with my colleagues gave me excellent communication skills which are of utmost importance in the field of social services. I had to deal with programs of different varieties and areas of human resources within the different military organizations. I can very competently handle different types of communication equipment because of my training as a member of the signal corp. Hence, the time of my affiliation with the US Armed Forces helped me enhance my knowledge, experience various military organizations, build up my medication administration procedures and improve my understanding with regard to medical terminology and abbreviations. My experience with the military services helped me in improving my understanding about the area of resources and it has served to polish my written, verbal and communication skills as well. Working as a federal work study candidate with Geriatrics and Palliative Care in the Department of Veterans Affairs, I was able to pursue my career as a social worker and human right activist. My work with the VA Palliative Care Community Living Center holds great importance in my professional life. This Center

BUSINESS OUTLOOK REPORT for a food retailer of your choice but not to Essay

BUSINESS OUTLOOK REPORT for a food retailer of your choice but not to include Tesco - Essay Example ercent share is genuinely an accomplishment when taking into consideration that this type of business model has very high operating costs and with growth in convenience stores in the country that provide competitive threats to the chain. This report identifies long-run prospects for Sainsbury’s over the next five to ten years with an emphasis on specific trends in the external market that will likely serve as the drivers of change with the retailer and with the food sector. The report further provides an evaluation of whether Sainsbury’s is well-positioned for key changes in the external environment. Sainsbury was highly responsive in adapting to changing market conditions, especially as it pertains to consumer growth in ethical consumption. Ethical consumption is a type of consumer activism that dictates whether to boycott a product or make purchases based on consumer perceptions that the organisation offering the product maintains an ethical stance and set of ethical objectives and values (Grande 2007). Contemporary business research recognises that companies with the aforesaid ethical values and focus maintain higher profitability (Lys, Naughton and Wang 2013). As a result of recognising these trends, the company began adding what is referred to as Steering Committees that are involved at the highest level of governance in areas of assessing the firm’s commitment to corporate social responsibility, providing a quality and enjoyable place to work for employees, and even a climate change committee (Sainsbury 2011). All of the activities and strategies developed by the St eering Groups are highly publicised to ensure that consumers are drawn to the ethical framework of business practice provided by the company leadership. Having such a strong ethical set of values and beliefs also provides Sainsbury’s with minimised costs in relation to human resources. Companies that have very strong ethical cultures also have much less problems with employee turnover

Pick a brand, especially which has recently been in a challenge to Essay

Pick a brand, especially which has recently been in a challenge to promote its brand in an international level due to its newnes - Essay Example The company entered smart phone market with Galaxy S (sub brand of Galaxy) to compete with market leaders, such as Apple. The company within next two years slowly expanded the product portfolio under Galaxy brand name. Product portfolio of Samsung Galaxy brand can be described in the following manner. Galaxy S Galaxy S 2 & S 3 Galaxy Note Galaxy Tab Galaxy Ace Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Tab Samsung Galaxy S series is complemented with Android operating system. In the initial phase the company implemented latest hardware technology to improve performance of the phone. The company promoted the product with triplet unique selling proposition: Multimedia phone with latest application Slim and trendy look (thickness of 9.91mm) Unique design with feeling of human touch Branding Assessment Consumer’s perception about the brand In recent years Samsung Galaxy shows strong brand association among customers. Customers believe the Galaxy brand has revamped the traditional image of Samsung by imp lementing unique design and technical application in the brand. Customers prefer to work on wide touch screen of Galaxy phones. Corporate Decisions The company has increased product line periodically after the first launch of Galaxy phone. The company takes help of above the line promotion to promote the brand. In the press release Galaxy brand emphasizes on product specification to attract customers. Corporate Activities Management of the company has taken decision to push the brand further and introduced low priced smart phones in the developing countries. (Source: Author’s Creation) Steps Undertaken by Management In the initial stage many critics pointed out that Galaxy would not be successful venture in a market dominated by Apple. Customers criticized Galaxy phones due to their caught in between nature (First model of Galaxy S was somewhere between tablet and smart phone due to its absurd size). Management has taken to steps to modify the phone by increasing screen size and application in their Galaxy S2 model. In the smart phone segment Apple was the leader and Samsung classified as new player in the segment. Customers accustomed with smart phone usage has raised question over display of the phone and rejected it. Management took the rejection as challenge and changed their research and development model to overcome initial problems. People have rejected initial models of Galaxy due to its unstable quad-core processor. Quad core processor of Galaxy was working slowly in comparison to Apple’s iPhone. The company has increased processor speed by increasing Ram memory in their next models. No one can deny that initial models of Galaxy smart phones were associated with cheap and plastic look and that is the main reason why people rejected initial models. The company is still working on that issue and with their all new metallic Galaxy S III they have somewhat sorted out the problem. Research & development team has designed new models with polyc arbonate material to enhance the look of the product. iPhone users criticized Galaxy smart phone due to poor wireless connectivity and slow media file sharing while Galaxy has answered back critics with their modified models. In the initial stage people were confused about applicability of Samsung Galaxy smart phone, and the company has not tried sufficiently to clear out confusion in the mind of customers. Brand image of Apple as smart phone maker was already established when Samsung

PTSD among our reurning veterans Speech or Presentation

PTSD among our reurning veterans - Speech or Presentation Example Consequently, appropriate health interventions can be recommended for treatment. To this end, the article defines PTSD as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It is a mental disorder that manifests itself after a person undergoes or witnesses a traumatic event such as war, death or physical harm. Consequently, its characteristic symptoms include hyper arousal, avoidance, re-experiencing and numbing. Over and above this, the prevalence rates of PTSD in the population indicated that women had a 13% probability rate of developing it while men had 6.2% probability rate. In total, its prevalence among the general population is 7.8%. However, of interest is the prevalence rate of PTSD among the veterans. To this end, the article acknowledged that PTSD was highly prevalent among American war veterans. For example, statistics showed that 27% to 31% of veterans from Vietnam had experienced PTSD, and 12% to 13% of Iraq veterans had been affected by PTSD. Consequently, the article focuses on the war veterans and the role of nurses as primary caregivers. This is in recognition that while seeking medical care, the veterans first point of contact is with the nurses. Consequently, the article seeks to emphasize the need for all nurses to be conversant with the signs and symptoms of PTSD. Moreover, they are expected to be conversant of all the resources at their disposal to aid in the treating of PTSD. In addition, the nurses are expected to be conversant with the conditions of military sexual trauma and consequently recommend screening and treatment for the victims. Seeking to establish the prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among war veterans, the article identified its research basis through statistical studies conducted on past and present wars. To this end, the article cited the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study that was conducted in 1998. The results were indicative that between 27% and 31% of Vietnam War veterans had been affected by PTSD. Moreover, rese arch conducted by the Walter Reed Army Institute on veterans from the Iraq war revealed that 16 to 17% tested positive for PTSD, anxiety or depression. In addition, studies conducted on 289, 328 veterans who had been involved in wars at Afghanistan or Iraq revealed that 21.8% were diagnosed with PTSD. Over and above this, investigations revealed that following the invasion of Iraq, prevalence rate of PTSD among veterans increased between four to seven times. Consequently, the research recognized that PTSD was highly prevalent among war veterans. To this end, the research equally ascertained that a number of cases were not reported or recognized. Consequently, there was a need for emphasizing the role of nurses in identifying the signs and symptoms of PTSD during veteran assistance. In recognition of the prevalence rate of PTSD among veterans, there existed a gap in dispensing appropriate health intervention to the PTSD patients. This was in recognition that most cases of PTSD were n ot reported or offered due recognition. Consequently, the principal nursing issue is that veterans suffering from PTSD are not offered sufficient treatment. The main reason has been due to lack of a collaborative effort by all health care providers in the dispensing of treatment. To this effect, the specific nursing psychiatric issue lies in the isolation of the symptoms of veterans suffering from PTSD. My choice in selecting the article was spurred by the wish to discover various mental

Trace the changes and developments Essay Example for Free

Trace the changes and developments Essay This is a character study on a character from the play Hobsons Choice by Harold Brighouse. The character I am going to study is Hobsons principal bookmaker, Willie Mossop. The story of Hobsons choice is about Hobsons single mindedness, which is shown in the way he attempts to live his life, run his household, and to rule his daughters. It is seen In the eldest daughter Maggies dominance and the grooming of Will and not least in her finally, at the age of 30 standing up to her own father. The other two daughters Alice and Vickey also inherit this characteristic. What sets Maggie apart from the rest of her family is that she uses this quality not only for her benefit of others, not least though he is initially unconvinced, Willie Mossop. Thos play is also the story of the transformation of Willie. Willie was a working class man who worked in Henry Hobsons boot shop, he had little future until Maggie Hobson spotted talent and developed him into a successful man. When Willie is first seen in Act 1 page 9 he is described as a  Lanky fellow, about thirty, not naturally stupid but stunted mentally by a brutalised childhood. He is a raw material of a charming man but at present, it requires a very keen eye to detect his potentialities  One thing I notice about Willie is that he is an extremely shy and nervous man as Mrs Hepworth a member of the Upper class says  Take that  Willie in worry bends over rather expecting That to be a blow. Then he raises his head to find she is holding out a visiting card with her address apon it. As Willie tries to read what is written apon the card he finds he cant, his excuse is that the print is funny as he tries to hide his embarrassment. As Mrs Hepworth carries on talking Hobson thinks Willie has done something wrong and says. I assure it will never happen again  By this you can see Hobson doesnt have any faith in Willie. The thing is because, Mrs Hepworth has searched everywhere in Manchester for a pair of boots and there havent been any ones see has liked these are the best she has found. Therefor Mrs Hepworth asks Willie to let her know whether he ever moves shop, as she wants him to make her shoes for her  When the play begins nothing is said of Willie and no one talks of him until Mrs Hepworth spots a great talent in him. No one can really see Willies potential apart from Maggie, who can see beneath the surface of Will. Willie gets his first taste of praise when Mrs Hepworth demands to see him to congratulate him on his ability to make boots,  Ive tries every shop in Manchester, and these are the best made pair of boots Ive had. Now youll make my boots in future. This is not much to Willie, as he does not really take it in he just wants to disappear down the cellar where he can hide away from the company of other people.  Willie is very shy and has no confidence at all and he has no idea of his future, apart from work by himself quietly! When Will is approached by Maggie he is very scared of her and wants to go away from her. He wants no business with her at all because he is not good at communicating, he gets embarrassed easily and hates attention.  Other people just ignore Willie, to them he is just the young man that was employed to make the boots for Hobsons boot shop. Hobson thinks very little of him and underpays him as one part says:  Mrs H: The mans a treasure and I expect you underpay him. Hobson: Thatll do Willie. You can go.  Mr Hobson immediately dismisses him, as he knows that he does underpay him, and wants to change the subject, this shows how little Mr Hobson thinks of Willie.  The sisters also dont think much of Willie, and they go for the upper class rich people. When Maggie tells them that she intends to marry Will they are very shocked.  Alice: Youre going to marry Willie Mossop! Willie Mossop!  They are very shocked because Willie is a working class man and they are considered to be posh also they believe that if Willie is in the Family then no one else will want to marry them as they wont want Will as a brother in law. Maggie is in charge of the shop and she can see that Will is a very hard worker who deserves more in life.  Do you know what keeps this business on its legs? Two things: ones the good boots that sell themselves, the other is the bad boots other people make and I sell.  Maggie knows that this is how the shop works and without Will they would be nothing. She knows that he can get more out of life so she tries to make him marry her but he wont because he has been forced to marry someone else. This shows that he is pushed around and cant stick up for himself.  Will is almost pushed around with Maggie, as he has no confidence. Will is afraid to try to do well and he has no career plans for the future as he is too shy to try, he says  Nay, Id be feared to go in them fine places.

External Threats That Face Coca Cola Commerce Essay

External Threats That Face Coca Cola Commerce Essay The report provides a detailed analysis of the external environmental threats of coca cola as well as how it monitors its environment to deter all the possible threats that may exist /arise there from, to enable it maintain a competitive position over its key competitors in the persistent shrinking business world with its attendant intense and unbridled competition. This report, in a bid to review of the current monitoring system of coca-cola, will take a problem/solution approach. This approach will help find out threatening environmental factors that affect decision making, and strategy formulation and the actualisation of the strategic intent of the coca-cola, such as economic regulations, tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change, and government policy changes among others. Books, articles, journals and periodicals were reviewed, internet sources were also visited, to elicit information. The major threat identified were more of environmental, arising majorly from its sludge which was alleged to contain a high level of toxic chemicals, including cadmium and lead, both of which can be harmful to human and plants. The case of coca-cola plant in Perumatti in the southern state of Kerala in India was used as a case study. Amidst these threats, key areas of opportunities for coca-cola were also identified. An epitome of this is its partnership with International Olympic Committee ( IOC) since 1928 and its recent renewal till 2020, covering a 12 -year pact from the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games through the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games, the London 2012 Olympic Games, the Sochi 2014 Olympic. (http://www2.coca-cola.com/ ) Considering the level of uncertainty and changing circumstances in the international business arena, especially in the face of the looming economic down-turn, the report, proffered the following recommendations: The use of environmental impact assessment , both before building a plant and afterwards. development of daily/weekly/monthly reports which will keep it abreast of whats new and significant in the market especially at the street level. the use of scenario planning which will constantly keep the company informed about what is happening in its marketplace as well as the gap between where they are, and where they intend to be. The use of bench marking, to be able to find out the gap between what they are doing and those of their competitors. development of essential competitor information which includes statements on strategy, new product development, marketing initiatives and key appointments and expansion plans and capacity variations. development of spot pattern/ trends that will be able to identify weak signal and thus keep ahead of its competitors. INTRODUCTION Not only is coca cola the worlds largest beverage company, but in 200 nations ( with consumers enjoying an average of 1.6 billion servings a day), sells about 500 sparkling brands, including 4 of the top sellers (coca- cola, diet coke, sprite and fanta), sparkling beverages, juices, and ready to drink teas among others. (http://www2.coca-cola.com/ ) Established: 1886 with its official headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia Company Associates: 92,400 worldwide (as of December 31, 2008) New York Stock Exchange Ticker Symbol: KO Supporting Communities In 2007, The Coca-Cola Company and The Coca-Cola Foundation made charitable Contributions of $99 million to community initiatives worldwide. . (http://www2.coca-cola.com/ ) 2008 Financial Highlights: Our portfolio includes 13 billion dollar brands. Unit case volume grew 5% to 23.7 billion unit cases worldwide. Net operating revenues grew 11% to $31.9 billion. More than 70% of our net operating revenues and more than 75% of our unit case volume were generated outside of North America. (http://www2.coca-cola.com/ ) With reference to SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis and Porters five competitive strategy, I am analysing the precarious regulations, tax laws, trade restrictions, tariff, demographic changes ,in the business environment of coca-cola and a review of the current monitoring system of the external environment as well as proffering a recommendation, with regards to what coke could do better, to maintain and its competitive rim over its competitors. THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF COCA-COLA USING SWOT ANALYSIS ITS STRENGHTS At the heart of strategic planning, is environmental scanning ; a process of studying the environment of the organization to pinpoint opportunities and threats(Mathis, R.L, and Jackson,J.H:47). To analyse coca-colas environment, i am going to use SWOT and PESTLE analysis tools as well as the Michael porters five of competitive strategy. This is so because, it is the developments in the macro business environment , relating to political, social, technological, etc that automatically create opportunities or threats and in turn, impact on the strategic development of coca-cola which may either bring success or mar its strategic intent. For coca-cola, matchless opportunities abounds, which cannot be delinked from its strengths in innovation and product line expansion aggressive advertisement and promotions. According to Morrison, J.(2006:130-1) coca- colas strength has been in the carbonated soft drinks market, served by its flagship brand, coke, and promoted by global advertising campaigns. This has helped it build a strong brand recognition and brand loyalty, which is created by sets of positive associations that links the collector to the brand, thus building a relationship of trust, likability and loyalty(Jones, J.P 1999:263).Coca-cola has built around all its brand some personality characteristics(ibid:253) which is not only unique but timeless. Coca-colas brand name is well known throughout 90% of the world today. Also of strength is the multi-local strategy which is in keeping with the companys changing markets. Through this, local managers are enabled to devise their own marketing strategies and choose the products from the cokes portfolio that are best suited to local tastes. Morrison, J.(2006:132) Its implication is that every community of consumers is recognized and carried along, and this goes a long way to make them more loyal to coca-cola amidst other producers of similar product. Another unequalled opportunity that coca -cola has is the long lasting historic bond with International Olympic Committee (IOC: (the organizers of the Games of each Olympiad, and approximately 200 National Olympic Committees around the world)) since 1928 and its recent renewal of this historic bond, through 2020 to cover the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games through the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games, the London 2012 Olympic Games, the Sochi 2014 Olympic. (http://www2.coca-cola.com/ ) salt lake 2002 www.thecoca-colacompany.com The Coca-Cola Company is proud to be the longest continuous corporate partner of the Olympic Games WEAKNESSES: Amidst coca-colas reputation of innovation, and recent product line expansion, it is riddled with some weakness factors that pose some threats that can be detrimental to the organization if unchecked, such as; lack of continuity of workforce, negative publicity and communication among others. Negative publicity: Cokes flagship product; coca-cola classics is known to contain high levels of sugar and caffeine, contributing. In the recent times, this is causing uproar on the increasing health conscious world. Communication gap: Due to the complex size of the organization, there exists a communication gap between the superiors at the top of the hierarchy and their subordinates at the bottom of the ladder. In effect, conveying ideas about fixing problems that may occur on the street level may be delayed. Continuity of workforce: According to a 5 year employee of Kyle Hughes, Coke has a frustrating high turnover rate of retraining, averaging about 1, 600 sessions per annum. A PESTLE analysis will be done for a more understanding of the external environment of coca-cola. This will specifically look at how other external factors such as political, economic, social, technological, legal as well as environmental affect coca- cola. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF COCA-COLA, USING PESTLE ANALYIS The analysis of coca-cola, using the PESTLE cannot be duly separated because these factors are inter-locked, and as such, a development in the environment, could affect the economic situation and as such call for political decisions to be taken, and vice versa. The political aspect of PESTLE looks at what is happening politically in the environment, the constraints the government has imposed or is likely to impose in future, Morrison, J.(2006:30) This may also include tax laws, trade restrictions, government reforms and tariff. According to a report on Guardian of August 7, 2006, government policy affected coke in Guyarat, Madhya, Pradesh and Rajas in India as the selling of coke was banned in government offices and educational institutions which was estimated to deprive coke of a potential market of 30 million house hold. The above assertion cannot be delinked from the environmental factors in which, it was perceived that the presence of coca-colas plant in perumatti in the southern Indian state of Kerala had brought untold hardship to the host community as it was estimated that coca-cola uses an average of 1 million liters of water for its production on daily basis, thereby bringing about drinking water scarcity in the area. This according to the Guardian report, the waste sludge from the cleaning of its bottles was also seem by local farmers as detrimental to their farm lands as it was perceived to contain high levels of lead and cadmium. And lead according to Paul Brown; an environmental correspondent, in Guardian of 25th July,(2003), is particularly bad for children, affecting their nervous system and cadmium if taken up by plants, is toxic to the kidneys and liver and can cause cancer. In the light of this therefore, the government resolved in public interest, not to renew its license which we ca n see has a political undertone. The economic aspect looks at what is happening within the economy, example, economic growth/decline, interest rates and inflation rates, etc.albeit, there has been an economic recession, coca-cola has been making constant profit as can been in the recent fourth quarter report that was published in some periodicals. Profit- $6.82bn ( £4.36bn) for 2009- a rise of 17% on the previous year Sales increase: 4% on coca-cola, 10% cokes zero brand 55% profit and 5% global sales. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8506495.stm) and Net operating revenue-:5%,$7.51 billion topping analyst forecast of 7.22 billion. (http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/10/business/10coke.html) PORTERS FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES Another strategy used by coca-cola to monitor its environment is the use of Michael Portes five theories. Michael Porter (1980) considers the external factors, that can impact upon an organizations competitive positioning, and thus identifies five competitive forces that govern the rule of competition and how the rules prevail in any organisation , both at home and at the global market.A comprehensive understanding the nature of each of these forces gives organisations the necessary insights to facilitate them to create the suitable strategies to be successful in their market. Porter further suggested that the relative strengths of these forces also determines the intensity of competition.These five forces are: Threat of new entrants; threat of substitutes/ replacement products; bargaining power of buyers; bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalries between firms of the same sector. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS Considering the brand loyalty, economies of scale, access to channels of distribution, etc, which coca-cola has acquired over the years, there is little or no threat for its products from new entrants into the non-alcoholic beverage sector. In the light of this, Coca-cola is place in a good competitive position. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES/ REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS: Bargaining Power of Suppliers This is very low for coca-cola considering the fact that there are variety of sources from which it can source inputs from. In other words, the supplier chain for its raw materials is reliable, fast, and prices are negotiable. THREAT FROM COMPETITION Coca-cola is a matured and dominant player in the worldwide soft drink industry , with a strong brand loyalty. Albeit, there exist the cola wars, between coke and Pepsi, both of them basically share the entire soft drink market, making use of harsh marketing, advertising and promotion tactics and this often lead to hampering profits between the two soft drink war-lords. HOW DOES COCA-COLA MONITOR ITS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT? An understanding that coca-cola does not operate in a vacuum has made it to continually scan its environment in order to find out or foresee likely environmental threats and thus develop appropriate responses to them. This has helped it to take advantage of its opportunities, and minimize threats and again, determines how it will achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Certain models and frameworks that can be used for this purpose includes: Scenario planning, customer surveys/ opinion polls, bench marking, among others. Customer Surveys /Opinion polls: This is a strategy coke uses to find out the opinion consumer have about is products or other changes especially as it concerns its activities and those of its competitors. Over the years, coca-cola and Pepsi have been locked in fierce battles, sometimes described as the cola wars Shimp, T.A (2007:43). One sensational battle began in 1975 when the traditional coke was tested against Pepsi.( ibid) The result gotten informed a change in the cokes formula for more sweetness, the result was that the folks who liked old Coke went crazyso crazy that the Coca Cola Company decided to bring it back as Coke Classic. (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-3961611.html) Scenario Planning: Scenarios are realistic descriptions of the organisations possible futures that allow the scenario team to set aside its individual and organisational assumptions about how the external environment will operate and explore new ones (Ralston, B.2006:141) Coca-cola is constantly aware of the link between its strategy and the changing future, thus, itself for the ifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦then probable future. This is exemplified it its mission statement, thus: the world is changing all around us. To continue to thrive as a business over the next ten years and beyond, we must look ahead, understand the trends and forces that will shape our business in the future and move swiftly to prepare for whats to come. We must get ready for tomorrow today. Thats what our 2020 Vision is all about. It creates a long-term destination for our business and provides us with a Roadmap for winning together with our bottler partners (http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values.html) Benchmarking is the comparison of performance in one organisation or part of an organization against that in another, with a view to finding ways of improving performance. (Needle, D.2004:433) This avails the company the opportunity to take corrective measures actions. Recommendation It is recommended that coca- cola should take immediate action to launch and promote environmental impact assessment of locations before citing their plants for operations.coca-cola should also The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made.[1]

Laplace transforms

Laplace transforms Laplace Transforms – Motivation convenience – differential eqns become algebraic eqns. – easy to handle time delays – frequency response analysis to determine how the system responds to oscillating inputs Block Diagram Algebra – doing math with pictures – arithmetic for manipulating dynamic components using boxes and arrows Laplace Transform – Review Given a function f(t) Notes f(t) defined for t from 0 to infinity f(t) suitably â€Å"well-behaved† – piecewise continuous, integrable Linearity of Laplace Transforms the Laplace transform is a linear operation we will use Laplace transforms to analyze linear dynamic systems if our models arent linear, then we will linearize Useful Laplace Transforms for Process Control We need a small library of Laplace transforms for – differentiation – step input – pulse/impulse functions – exponentials – oscillating functions because these are common functions that we will encounter in our equations Lets think about a simple linear differential equation example: with V and F as constants Library of Useful Transforms differentiation – initial conditions disappear if we use deviation variables that are zero at an in initial steady state unit step function (Heaviside fn.) Library of Transforms exponential – exponentials appear in solutions of differential equations  » a provides information about the speed of the response when the input changes. If a is a large negative number, the exponential decays to zero quickly  » What happens if a is positive? – After we have done some algebra to find a solution to our ODEs in the Laplace domain, we must invert the Laplace transform if we want to get a solution in the time domain. We sometimes use partial fraction expansion to express the Laplace expressions in a form that can be easily inverted. CSTR Example Transform Model (in deviation variables) using our library of transforms, the Laplace transform of the model is: For a step change in feed concentration at time zero starting from steady state. Tank Example Solution Solve for CA(s) If we like, we can rearrange to the form: This is the solution in the Laplace domain. To find the solution in the time domain, we must invert the Laplace transforms CSTR Example Solution inverse Laplace transform – Can be determined using a complex integral easiest approach is â€Å"table lookup† Use Table 4-1, entry 5 Maple is good at inverting Laplace transforms too The Impulse Function limit of the pulse function (with unit area) as the width goes to zero and height becomes infinite transform CSTR Impulse Response physically dump some pure A into reactor, all at once input function Transform time response Interpretation of Impulse Response dump a bag of reactant into the reactor in a very very short time we see an instantaneous jump to a new concentration due to the impulse input concentration then decays back to the original steady-state concentration Time-Shifted Functions Representation of Delays Laplace transform for function with time delay Just pre-multiply by an exponential. How could we prove this? – change of variables in integration in expression for Laplace Transform (see p. 103 of Marlin, p. 115 in first ed.) Reactor Example with Time Delay Suppose we add a long length of pipe to feed – assume plug flow – It will take a time period, q minutes, before the change in concentration reaches the tank, and begins to influence cA – delay differential equation  » difficult to solve directly in time domain  » easy to solve with Laplace transforms Tank Example with Time Delay – Solutionresponse to step input in cA0 time response Final Value Theorem An easy way to find out what happens to the output variable if we wait a long time. We dont have to invert the Laplace transform! Why is it true? – Consider the Laplace transform of a time derivative now let s approach zero provided dy/dt isnt infinite between t=0 and t ®Ã‚ ¥ (i.e y(t) is STABLE) This will be true if Y(s) is continuous for s ³0 Using the Final Value Theorem Step Response Reactor example final value after a step input What can we do with Laplace Transforms so far. Take Laplace transforms of linear ODEs (in deviation variables). Substitute Laplace transform expressions for different kinds of inputs we are interested in: – Steps, pulses, impulses (even with dead time) Solve for the output variable in terms of s. Invert the Laplace transform using Table 4.1 to get the solution in the time domain. Find the final steady state value of the output variable, for a particular input change, even without inverting the Laplace transform. Laplace transforms are mostly used by control engineers who want to determine and analyze transfer functions. compact way of expressing process dynamics relates input to output p(s), q(s) polynomials in s – q(s) will also contain exponentials if time delay is present Once we know the transfer function of the process, we can use it to find out how the process responds to different types of input changes:

Feminism Essay -- Feminism Sociology Essays

Feminism There has been a great deal of discussion over the Feminist & Gender Studies Program changing its name to Gender & Sexuality. The basis of this debate is over the exclusion of the word "feminist" from the title. It is important to question how this modification will affect the direction of the program and the feminist movement as a whole. The categorization of this area of study must be sensitive to the complex social issues it represents. Bringing the term "gender" to the fore-front, and focusing less on women, is a necessary "part of the attempt by contemporary feminists to stake claim to a certain definitional ground, to insist on the inadequacies of existing bodies of men" (Scott, 166). This new spotlight on gender and sexuality does not detract from feminism at all; rather it represents the next step in the evolution of the feminist movement. As Lacqueur stated, categorization "is an inescapable consequence of our biological makeup" (Lacqueur, 18). This is especially true in any college, where categories are institutionalized in order to help guide students along their academic path. It is hard to imagine academics as "a purely uncategorized and unconceptualized experience" (Lacqueur, 19). However, categories have a way of excluding some people, since people are diverse and do not fit into neat containers. This holds especially true with the Feminist & Gender Studies Program. The term "feminist" is a category that many students do not identify with because of its history of race, class, and sex. Some female students are not comfortable with its overtly confrontational ideas and do not want to be associated with the "man-hating" stereotype that is portrayed in society. African-American students can feel alien... ...ne society provided for me. I felt on the outside of feminism, because I thought my interests in boys, marriage, and motherhood was not included in its definition. After learning what feminism really was during my sophomore year, I discovered I was not on the outside after all. I have to admit that, at first, I was disappointed by the omission of the word "feminist" from the title of the program. At the time, I was just feeling at ease with my personal realization that I was feminist. I found myself feeling, once again, on the outside. I know after taking this class, that defining myself by any category is a wasted effort. The focus should be on who I am and not how well I fit into any category. I now understand why the only required course, one which concentrates on de-constructing gender, and the new focus of the program is the only thing that will save us all.

Thallium :: essays research papers

Thallium My element was Thallium. It is atomic number 81. It has 81 protons and electrons and 123 neutrons. Thallium has a mass of 204.3833 atomic mass units. Its symbol is Tl. It resides in Group IIIA of the periodic table. That is the aluminum family. Thallium has a bluish color after exposure to the air. It is a very soft and malleable metal. It has an electron configuration of 1s22s23s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f145d106s26p1. It has 6 electron shells. It melts at 576.7 K and boils at 1730 K. It is a solid when at room temperature. Thallium was discovered in 1861 by a British chemist and physicist. His name was Sir William Crookes. He discovered it spectroscopically in England. He isolated it. In 1862, the French chemist Claude August again isolated it. Thallium comes form the Greek word "thallos". "Thallos" meant "green twig" or "green shoot". Thallium does not have many uses. It is used in photocells because of the electrical conductivity of thallium sulphide. Thallium was originally used to help treat ringworm and many other skin infections. It was then limited because of the narrow margin between the benefits and its health risks. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals are still used as infrared detectors. Thallium sulphate used to be widely used as a pesticide and an ant killer. It was odorless and tasteless and worked well, but it was found to be too toxic. Thallium slats which burn with a bright green flame are used in flares and rockets. Thallium is the 60th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. There are 3.6 parts of Thallium in every million parts of the Earth’s crust. Thallium compounds are extremely toxic. The negative effects are cumulative and can be taken in through the skin. Poisoning from Thallium takes several days to effect you and when it does, it hits the nervous system. Thallium should only be handled by trained professionals with the right equipment and safety precautions. Thallium deposits are occasionally found in Sweden and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It is also extracted from the mud produced in lead chambers that are used in the manufacturing of sulfuric acid. Thallium is also used in Thallium high-Tc superconductors.

Microwaves :: essays research papers

You might remember the heroic role that newly-invented radar played in the Second World War. People hailed it then as "Our Miracle Ally". But even in its earliest years, as it was helping win the war, radar proved to be more than an expert enemy locator. Radar technicians, doodling away in their idle moments, found that they could focus a radar beam on a marshmallow and toast it. They also popped popcorn with it. Such was the beginning of microwave cooking. The very same energy that warned the British of the German Luftwaffe invasion and that policemen employ to pinch speeding motorists, is what many of us now have in our kitchens. It's the same as what carries long distance phone calls and cablevision. Hitler's army had its own version of radar, using radio waves. But the trouble with radio waves is that their long wavelength requires a large, cumbersome antenna to focus them into a narrow radar beam. The British showed that microwaves, with their short wavelength, could be focussed ina narrow beam with an antenna many times smaller. This enabled them to make more effective use of radar since an antenna could be carried on aircraft, ships and mobile ground stations. This characteristic of microwaves, the efficiency with which they are concentrated in a narrow beam, is one reason why they can be used in cooking. You can produce a high-powered microwave beam in a small oven, but you can't do the same with radio waves, which are simply too long. Microwaves and their Use The idea of cooking with radiation may seem like a fairly new one, but in fact it reaches back thousands of years. Ever since mastering fire, man has cooked with infrared radiation, a close kin of the microwave. Infrared rays are what give you that warm glow when you put your hand near a room radiator or a hotplate or a campfire. Infrared rays, flowing from the sun and striking the atmosphere, make the Earth warm and habitable. In a conventional gas or electric oven, infrared waves pour off the hot elements or burners and are converted to heat when they strike air inside and the food. Microwaves and infrared rays are related in that both are forms of electromagnetic energy. Both consist of electric and magnetic fields that rise and fall like waves on an ocean. Silently, invisibly and at the speed of light, they travel through space and matter. There are many forms of electromagnetic energy (see diagram). Ordinary light from the sun is one, and the only one you can actually see. X-rays are another. Each kind, moving at a separate wavelength, has a unique effect on any matter it

Sex and Gender in Sally Potter’s Orlando

Critically assess Judith Butler’s notion that gender is not a primary category, but an attribute, a set of secondary narrative effects. Your answer should make reference to Sally Potter’s film Orlando. Though Judith Butler asserts that gender is not of any importance, her writings on this notion, understandably, must put a lot of emphasis on the subject of sex. How else could she prove her theory, if not through a discussion of the unimportance of gender? In any case, her hypothesis is one that practically defines Sally Potter’s Orlando. Based on the novelette of the same name by Virginia Woolf, the film depicts an androgynous young man’s curiously long and forever-youthful life, and his slow transformation from man to woman. It is surely a tale that represents Butler’s concern of the eventual unimportance of gender throughout history. Orlando opens with the assertion by the narrator (voiced by the eponymous character) that â€Å"there can be no doubt about his sex, despite the feminine appearance that every young man of the time aspires to. The young nobleman Orlando acts as messenger for Queen Elizabeth, who, captivated by the young man’s beauty, offers him a castle, land and an inheritance for him and his heirs. These possessions will only be his on the condition that he does not â€Å"fade†, â€Å"wither† or â€Å"grow old†. We see the young Orlando fall deeply in love with a young woman, Princess Sasha, whom he loses to another man. Heartbroken, he decides to travel the world throughout the early stages of his long life. Orlando, having experienced war, violence and other such male endeavours, becomes disenchanted with the way men think and behave. He returns home to his estate as a woman. Here, she is told that as the estate belongs to Lord Orlando, or to his heirs, she must leave, as neither title applies to her. Rejected by society, Orlando finds acceptance and solace in the arms of the handsome Captain Shelmardine, the first man with whom she is sexually intimate. It is Shelmardine who makes Orlando realise what identity she truly wants – that of a mother. After all, she â€Å"came into this world searching for companionship. † Centuries later, we see Orlando, still a woman â€Å"for there can be no doubt about her sex†¦ even] with the slightly androgynous appearance that many females of the time aspire to†. She is visiting her old home with a happy young girl – her daughter. Orlando has finally found an identity she is comfortable with. In further commentary on the nature of gender as a secondary narrative, Butler once claimed that â€Å"gender is in no way a stable identity†. This, for all intents and purposes, could be the tagline for Orlando. The titular character is an androgynous being, with no strong convictions about which sex they would rather be. On her transformation into a woman, Orlando commented mildly; â€Å"Same person. No difference at all. Just a different sex†. Butler also commented that sex is an identity obtained, not through physical attributes, but through a performance. A perception of gender is imitated, â€Å"instituted through bodily styles†. However, the critic does not mention appearance; she is merely referring to the understanding of each gender being conveyed through certain physical gestures, movements or actions. Therefore, one’s gender is only as real as our performance of it. The same is true of Orlando, behaves in a comically awkward manner while getting used to her first dress. Being unfamiliar with the heavy frame and netting of her skirt, she walks down her hallway, bumping into furniture and awkwardly swinging her dress to the left to side-step a maid who passes by. In her first social situation, she stomps self-consciously into the drawing room, and then plonks herself down on a couch, rather ungracefully. She hasn’t taken on the grace of a woman, so she still seems to be a man, masquerading as a woman. Butler goes on to describe the gender performance as â€Å"one with clearly punitive consequences†. In short, failing at sufficiently portraying your gender through â€Å"bodily styles† will result in punishment, which is often in the form of alienation. The Lady Orlando confuses her society with her transformation. In a way, her failure to be Lord Orlando, a man, sees her cast out of her rightful home, and, in turn, alienated by society. In Orlando’s climatic scene, the Lady Orlando and her lover, Shelmardine, discuss the common perception regarding gender. â€Å"If I were a man,† Muses the newly-female Orlando, â€Å"might choose not to risk my life for an uncertain cause. I might think that freedom won by death is not worth having. † Shelmardine argues that, in the eyes of society, this would be to â€Å"choose not to be a real man at all†. He, in turn, mocks the stereotype observations regarding women; â€Å"Say if I were a woman; I might choose not to sacrifice my life caring for my children. Or my children’s children. Or to drown anonymously in the milk of female kindness. But instead choose to go abroad. Would I then be –†, (here Orlando interrupts him), â€Å"A real woman? † Yet it is this conversation, the embodiment of Butler’s theories on gender performance, which bring Orlando to the ealisation that she longs for a child. Not to earn back her home through her heir, and not to better portray the behaviour of a woman, but simply to have the companionship and love she always longed for. Orlando’s eponymous character is a human, if fictional, personification of Judith Butler’s many the ses regarding gender. Orlando’s gender does not change her character in any way, she is the â€Å"same person. No difference at all. † She does not understand that, to be accepted, she must perform the role of ‘woman’ to avoid confusing her peers. This is something she simply can’t do; she is who she is. Yet she is punished for her failure to be a man, or to behave like a woman. In the end, she ceases to care or worry about her gender identity. She is a mother, happy with the companion she always craved. Her identity is simply: Orlando. Bibliography * Butler, J. (1988) Performative Acts and Gender Constitutions. In Rivkin, J & Ryan, M ‘Literary Theory: An Anthology, Second Edition’ (pp. 900 – 911). United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. * Butler, J. (2004) Undoing Gender. United States: Routledge. * Potter, S. (Director). 1992. Orlando. [Motion Picture]. United Kingdom.

Bilingual education issue Essay

While the position of education officials is one of inclusion for all learners, irrespective of ethnic, national, religious, sexual, social, linguistic or other varying backgrounds, there seems to be little collaboration between policy and practice. Though the state government sets the official standard for the way particularly governmental educational facilities are operated, several problems that different ethnic and language groups face in the educational setting go counter to laid-down guidelines. It is my position that, though non-native speakers of the English language should be assimilated into the culture and language of the country as far as possible, it is still essential that attempts be made to retain the students’ native language. Assimilation into the culture will necessarily involve immersion into the local language but that has to go along with plans and procedures that sample the students’ varying cultures and providing meaningful experiences via the classroom setting for all learners as far as possible. Therefore the position to retain the students’ native tongue within the classroom setting, rather than overshadowing it with the English language, must be adopted by educational officials if the educational goals of the institutions are to be realized for all students in the system. Furthermore, Good & Brophy (1995) agree far too often educators are too quick to disregard the individual differences and characteristics of students and attempt to deliver curriculum as if their students were a purely homogenous group. They suggest that â€Å"teachers need to engage all students in social and academic tasks that are meaningful to students†(p. 555). Therefore, it is the duty of the teacher to ensure that the learning environment is one of inclusion and not exclusion for the multiplicity of individual differences that may exist in any given classroom. It is agreed that correlation, communication and cooperation between the home and the school, between parents and teachers is an essential recipe for a student’s success in the classroom. Often for bilingual students, particularly recent immigrants, there is no continuity between the stress on English and the American culture between the home and the school. Language specialists have long noted that parents are often less likely to learn the new language than their children. Therefore when there is a decided stress on the removal of the native language from the classroom, this is counteracted by its use in the home and communities from which these students come. This conflict between the goals of the school and the goals of the home cannot continue. I believe that if more schools attempt to be linguistically inclusive, encourage expression in the native language then parents may be more inclined to work along with the school in helping to assimilate their children into the American culture. The government’s position on the issue is quite clear. In Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary School Education Act of 1968, official laid out the policy of the government to support, even financially, program that aimed to develop and implement creative methodology that would meet the needs of these special set of students (Cited in Rodriguez, 1999). Though this position does not explicitly support the use of the native language in the classroom, it implies inclusive rather than exclusive and hostile methodology. I am in no way suggesting that the learning of the English language is not important. In fact it is absolutely necessary for these students to be accommodated into special programs that aim at facilitating their immediate induction into the use of the English language. What I am advocating however, is that the ties to the native country, which is often maintained primarily through language, should not be so readily attacked by the educator seeking to homogenize the classroom. The curriculum must, in all respects, seek to meet the needs of all learners including those who are not very proficient in the use of the English language. As Good and Brophy (1995, P. 555), mention â€Å"although learning English is a part of the program, it is only a part. † REFERENCES Good, T. L. & Brophy, J. E. (1995). Contemporary Educational Psychology. (5th ed. ). New York: Longman Publishers. Rodriguez, Luis. (1999). Discretion and Destruction: the Debate over Language in California’s Schools. Texas Forum on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights, 4(189), 189-233.

A 24-hour society Essay

In a 24-hour society, when are people supposed to get a good night’s rest? The automobile industry, the airline industry, the medical industry, the manufacturing industry, the safety industry – all of these and others are industries which cannot simply close at 5 o’clock in the afternoon.   People must work around the clock to provide for the health, safety, and entertainment of others.   Unfortunately, scientists are becoming more concerned about the effects of the night shift on American workers.   While the night shift cannot be obliterated from working class America, those that do work on this schedule and the companies that employ them must be aware of the physical and psychological factors that come into play for the employee as well as the risks for the company itself. Twenty to thirty million Americans have jobs that require them to work nontraditional schedules, which includes working during nighttime hours when other, traditional workers are asleep (Weiss, 1989).   This shift has been around since society became industrialized because the need for 24 hour services in prisons and hospitals necessitated a â€Å"night† person.   However, these night workers have a much more difficult time than day workers in a variety of areas.   Most of these problems can be traced back to the lack of sleep and light that these workers receive while they are awake. See more: My Writing Process Essay Scientists have been studying the body’s circadian rhythms in order to solve the puzzle of sleep deprivation and its effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Circadian rhythms are the body’s reaction to the alternation of light and dark and   cues such as the timing of meals and sleep. This 24hour light-dark circadian cycle   is derived from the Latin circa (â€Å"about†) and dies (â€Å"day†). Since prehistoric times, circadian rhythms have regulated the pattern of working by day and sleeping by night† (Learning to live with light-dark cycles, 1996). This genetic functioning is the basis for how individuals are genetically programmed to sleep and to wake. According to scientists, the light from around a person travels through his eye to the hypothalamus in the brain – where the supposed â€Å"biological clock† is located.   Then the impulse travels to the pineal gland at which point the production of melatonin (the hormone that allows people to sleep) is dramatically reduced.   The rise and fall of melatonin in the body affects body temperature, perceived energy and enzyme and hormone production (Learning to live with light-dark cycles, 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Basically, most of the body’s functions are related to this simple perception of light and dark.   One researcher, Dr. Foster, studying this phenomenon,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"found cells in the human eye that do nothing but detect bright sunlight and tell the brain to reset the sleep cycle accordingly† (Pepper, 2004).   He found that these eye cells do not help produce vision but are only set to respond to daylight.   It is important to note that even on a cloudy day, the daylight produced is 500 to 1,000 times brighter than any type of artificial light used in factories or offices.   These artificial lights do not fool these cells in the eye.          Pepper (2004) cites Foster in saying â€Å"You need light of a long duration and high brightness to shift the [biological] clock. This explains why business travelers crossing time zones eventually adapt, but night-shift workers never do. They get a dose of natural light on their way to and from work, too strong for a factory’s dim lamps to counter.†   These special eye cells feed directly to the brain and tell the brain’s ‘biological clock’ which is really about 20,000 cells with the scientific name of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, whether the person is receiving daylight or not.   If he is, the cells send out the word to stay away; if he is not, the cells send out sleep signals (Pepper, 2004). In addition to the sleepy or energized feeling that these cells can regulate, the human body is also affected in other ways. Scientific research has proved that people who work the third shift have a greater incidence of heart disease than those who work the first shift. They explain it by revealing that the less exposure to daylight a person has, the more the cholesterol is produced in the bloodstream, which will clog the person’s arteries (Fischette, 1992). â€Å"Blood pressure and pulse rates are slowest during the night, but rise dramatically upon wakening. Physicians see more heart attack and stroke patients in the morning hours.   Studies also are finding that circadian rhythms affect diabetes and certain cancers. For people with asthma, coughing and respiratory arrest are most common between midnight and 6:00 a.m.† (Pepper, 2004).   Similarly, Glaxo, Inc. a research organization in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, notes other physiological effects that fall under control of these circadian rhythms: When parents remark that their children seem to grow overnight, they may not be far from the truth. During the hours of sleep, the human growth hormone is produced in greater abundance and is not inhibited from doing its job by activity hormones, like adrenaline, which are released during the day. Jet lag. When traveling to a different time zone, jet lag afflicts travelers and disrupts sleep and daytime functioning. The body’s circadian rhythm becomes â€Å"out of sync† with the rhythm of light and dark, taking up to several days to re-align itself to the new routine. Shift workers’ sleep disorder. Re-adjusting the body’s clock to different schedules on night or rotating shifts plays havoc with the natural circadian rhythm that responds to light and dark, making one’s temperature lowest at night and highest during the day. Although shift workers make up one-fourth of the nation’s workforce, they are twice as likely as nine-to-five individuals to report sleep disruption. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD). For some people, the â€Å"winter blues† aren’t just a mood, but a chronic disorder that leads to depression, drowsiness, and carbohydrate cravings during the winter months. People suffering from SAD report longer periods of sleep, indicating that this disorder may be a circadian disturbance due to the shorter days of winter. Lung function. The body’s production of cortisol steroids, which control lung inflammation, drops at night and peaks in the morning. This means air flow in and out of the lungs is best at 4:00 p.m., often giving athletes a â€Å"leg up,† compared with other times of the day. Air flow drops to its lowest point at 4:00 a.m., explaining why people with asthma often have nocturnal problems.   Ã‚  (Learning to live with light-dark cycles, 1996). All of these negative affects will be exacerbated for those who must work during the dark, sleeping hours. Other problems can also arise from a lack of sleep due to working the third shift.   A range of personality and behavioral problems may arise due attitudes related to shift work. These attitudes correlate to sleep habits and self-assessed feelings of vigor (Bohle & Tilley, 1998).     Even if third shift workers are able to stay alert on shift, they may not be able to sleep during the day which exposes them to all kinds of additional problems due to sleep deprivation.     Ã¢â‚¬Å"Studies show that one night’s loss of sleep results in a 30 percent drop in cognitive performance, rising to 60 percent after two nights† (Bohle & Tilley, 1998).   This means that the ability to think and make decisions quickly, as may be required by the majority of third shift workers – police officers, air traffic controllers and medical personnel – may be seriously diminished if they cannot sleep well during the day.   Of course, as previously mentioned, the amount of daylight makes this very difficult (Bohle & Tilley, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The attitudes toward the night shift can also affect relationships and performance.   Night shift was most frequently characterized as being tiring, having drowsy moments, being bad for family life and not starting too early in a study reported by Bohle & Tilley, 1998).   Stickgold et al,   1999 reports also that night owls have slower reaction times, slower motor responses and slower levels of linguistic and associated processing. These could be very costly for some people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sadly, the vast majority of industrial accidents occur in the overnight hours when some workers may doze or suffer from lowered cognitive functioning. Such was the case with the accident at Three Mile Island, which began at 4 am. And the accident at Chernobyl, at 1:23 am (     the early hours when night-shift workers are prone to doze: the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island started at 4 a.m., Chernobyl at 1:23 a.m. (Bohle & Tilley, 1998).   Ã¢â‚¬Å"We are asking 20 percent of our work force, including pilots and surgeons, to operate when they’re massively impaired,† says Dr. Russell Foster, a molecular neuroscientist at London’s Imperial College (Bohle & Tilley, 1998).   Indeed, over 50% of shift workers admitted to falling asleep at least once while on the job (Weiss, 1989).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚   .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scientists are working on some medications and false lighting systems to help with the physiological and psychological problems associated with third shift work.   Until then, workers and their company’s should take steps to prevent accidents and illnesses which may result. References Bohle, P & Tilley, AJ. (1998). Early experience of shif twork: Influences on attitudes. Journal of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Occupational and Organizational Psychology 71, 61-79. Fischette, M. (1992). Working the heart-disease shift. Omni14 (11) Pepper, T. (2004). Night Shift. Newsweek (Atlantic Edition) 144 (16). Stickgold, R.,   Scott, L.,   Rittenhouse, C., & Hobson, J.A. (1999).   Sleep-induced changes in   Ã‚  Ã‚   associative memory.   Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11(2) Weiss, R. (1989). Safety gets short shrift on long night shift. Science News 135 (3)

Data Communication Reviewer

Reviewer DataCom: Chapter 1-5 Chapter 1: Intranet- Restricted group on a company and only allows internal employee access. Extranet- Type of network that allows outside vendors special access to limited info in a company. Protocols- Rules of communication. * An identified sender and receiver * An agreed-upon method of communicating * Common language and grammar * Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements Elements of a Network: * Rules or agreements: protocols or how the message is semt, directed, received and interpreted. * Massages: units of info that travels Medium: means of interconnecting these devices, can transport the messages* Devices: devices on the network exchange messages Messages- a generic term that encompasses forms of communication enabled by the Internet. Devices- several devices work to see that the message is properly directed to the source to the destination device. Icons- symbols that graphically presents network devices and media. * Desktop Computer * Laptop * Server – a computer dedicated to providing app services * IP Phone – a digital phone* LAN media * Wireless media LAN switch – most common device for interconnect LANs * Firewall – provides security to networks * Router – helps direct messages between networks * Wireless router * Cloud – summarize a group of networking devices * WAN media IP (Internet Protocal) & TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – most common protocols * WWW – HTTP * E-mail – SMTP * Instant messae – XMPP * IP telephony – SIP Convergence – coming together of technologies onto a digital platform. It occurs when computer communications all use the same rules to transport their messages. Network Architecture – the conceptual plans on which a physical network is built. Fault tolerance- needs to function even if some components fail * Scalability- network’s ability to grow & react to future changes * Quality of service- p erformance level of services. Prioritize traffic and its characteristics to manage data. * and Security Packets-single message is broken into small blocks of data. Bandwidth- measure of the data-carrying capacity of the network. Chapter 2: Elements of communication: * Message source, or sender * Destination, or receiver *Channel- media that provides pathway Network- refers to data networks carrying massages. Segmentation- all messages are broken into smaller pieces Multiplexing- occurs when segments of two messages can shuffle into each other and share the medium. * Increased efficiency of network communication End device- a piece of equipment that is either the source or the destination of a message on a network. Host- an end device that sends or receives messages. Clients- other hosts that set up to store and share info by the host servers *The host address is a unique physical address used by hosts inside a LAN. Intermediary device- connects the individual host to the network and connect multiple individual network to form an internetwork. Network access devices* Internetwork devices * Communication severs * Modems * Security devices Network media: Copper, Fiber-optic cable, Wireless Encoding- refers to the way data is converted to patterns of electrical, light, or electromagnetic energy. LAN- a group of end devices and users under the control of a common administrator. WAN- a network that is used to connect LANs that are geographically far apart. Internetwork- is a collection of two or more LANs connected by WANs. Proprietary – A limited-use protocol owned by a company. Network Representations: Network interface card (NIC)- provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other host device. * Physical port- is a connector or outlet on a networking device where the media is connected to a host.* Interface- refers to how the device can allow 2 different networks to communicate. The organizations that standardize networking protocols are: * IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers * IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force Interaction of Protocols: * Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – common protocol that governs the way that a web server and a web client interact. Transport protocol – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversations between web servers and web clients. * Internetwork protocol * Network access protocols – describes 2 primary functions: Data-Link Management & the physical transmission of data on the media. Layered Models – describe the complex process of network communication. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) – is the most widely known internetwork reference model.Provides an abstract description of the network communication process. Developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Application, Representation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical TCP/IP Model – defines the 4 communication functions that protocols perform. * Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access Encapsulation- Process of adding control info as it passes through the layered model Decapsulation- process of removing extra information Protocol Data Unit (PDU) – generic term for data at each level. Chapter 3: Presentation Layer has 3 primary functions: * Coding and conversion of application layer data * Compression of the data * Encryption of the data TCP/IP protocols: Domain Name System (DNS) – used to resolve internet names to IP address. * HTTP – used to transfer files that make up the web pages of the WWW. * Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – used for the transfer of mail messages and attachments. * Telnet – a terminal emulation protocol used to provide remote access to servers and networking devices. * File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – used for interactive file transfer between systems. Process – e ach executing program loaded on a device. Client/server model Deamon – are describes as â€Å"listening† for a request from a client. Application layer services and protocolsPeer-to-peer networking and applications * 2 or more computers are connected through a network and can share resources such as printers and files without having a dedicated server. nslookup – a utility that allows the user to manually query the name servers to resolve a given host name. ipconfig/displaydns – displays all the cached DNS entries 3 common message types are: * GET- is a client request for data. * POST and PUT- are used to send messages to that upload data to the web browser. E-Mail Server Processes: * Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) – process used to forward e-mail. * Mail Delivery Agent (MDA)Server Message Block (SMB) – a client/server file-sharing protocol. Chapter 4: Transport Layer – provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing rel iable data transfer services to the upper layers. It enables applications on devices to communicate. * Tracking the individual communications * Segmenting data and managing each piece * Reassembling the segments * Identifying the different applications * Performing flow control between end users * Enabling error recovery * Initiating a session Flow Control – can prevent the loss of segments on the network and avoid the need for retransmission.Used to avoid buffer overflows. Two most common transport layer: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – incurs additional overhead to gain functions. * Web browsers, E-mail, File transfers UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – provide the basic functions for efficiently delivering the data pieces. Has the advantage of providing low-overhead data delivery. * DNS, Video streaming, Voice over IP (VoIP) 3 basic operations of reliability: * Tracking transmitted data * Acknowledging received data * Retransmitting any unacknowledged data Socket – refers only to the unique combination of IP address and port number.Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) – assigns port number. Different types of ports: * Well-known ports (0 to 1023) – reserved for services and applications. * Registered ports (1024 to 49151) – are assigned to user processes or applications. * Dynamic or private ports (49152 to 65535) – also known as ephemeral ports, are usually assigned dynamically to client applications. netstat – a command that is an important network utility that you can use to verify TCP connections. It lists the protocol in use, the local address and port number†¦ Datagram – is a UDP segment (piece).Flags – are six 1-bit fields contain control information used to manage the TCP processes: * URG: Urgent pointer field significant * ACK: Acknowledgement field significant * PSH: Push function * RST: Reset the connection * SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers * FIN: No more data from sender *flags have fields that the only value is 1 bit and, therefore, has only two values: 1 or 0. 3 way handshake: Step 1 – SYN, Step 2 – SYN and ACK, Step 3 – ACK. Expectational acknowledgement – occurs when TCP uses the acknowledgement number in segments sent back to the source to indicate the next byte in this session that the receiver expects to receive.Window size – is the amount of data that a source can transmit before an acknowledgement must be received. Chapter 5: OSI Layer 3 – provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices. The network layer describes four tasks to be performed: * Addressing packets with an IP address * Encapsulation – is the process of adding that information. * Routing – is the process router perform when receiving packets†¦ * Decapsulation – is the process of removing encapsulation data at different layers. Source IP address – is the IP address of the sending hostDestination IP address – is the IP address of the receiving host. IP header – contains the address information and some other bits that identify the PDU as a network layer PDU. Packet – is referred when an OSI layer 4 PDU has been encapsulated at the network layer. Hop – is each route that a packet takes to reach the next device. Common network protocol: * IPv4 – most widely used network protocol. * IPv6 – currently in use in some area. * Novell IPX – a widely popular internetworking protocol in the 1980s and 19990s. * AppleTalk – Apple Computer’s propriety networking protocol. Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) – a protocol used in telecommunication network. IPv4 basic characteristics: * Connectionless * Best effort (unreliable) * Media independent *Some networks have media restrictions and must enforce a Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Fragmentation â €“ is the process when the network layer builds the packets according to specification. Key fields: * IP source addressing * IP destination addressing * Time to Live (TTL) * Type of Service (ToS) * Protocol * Flag and Fragment Offset Other Key Fields: * Version * Internet Header Length (IHL) * Packet Length * Identification Header Checksum * Options * Padding *Because broadcast do not travel beyond the network boundary, the network is known as a broadcast domain. Gateway router – is the router a network uses to send and receive messages beyond the network. Hierarchical addressing – is read from the most general information to the most specific. Subnetting – the process when a large network needs to be divided into smaller subnets, additional network codes can be created using some of the bits designated for the host. *The default route is used when the destination network is not represented by any other route in the routing table.Next hop – is the add ress of the device that will process the packet next. *The route info can be manually configured on the router, creating what is known as a static route. Dynamic routing – when routers learn about routes automatically from other routers in the same internetwork. Routing Protocols – are the set of rules by which routers dynamically share their routing information. * Routing Information Protocol (RIP) * Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGRP) * Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 3 key factors to consider when grouping hosts into a common network: * Purpose * Ownership * Geographic location